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Optimizing urban stormwater control strategies and assessing aquifer recharge through drywells in an urban watershed

Optimisation des stratégies de contrôle des eaux pluviales et évaluation de la recharge des aquifères au travers de puits à secs dans un basin versant urbain

Optimización de las estrategias de control de las aguas pluviales urbanas y evaluación de la recarga de los acuíferos mediante pozos secos en una cuenca urbana

通过流域内干井来优化城市雨水控制策略并评估含水层补给量

بهینه‌سازی راهکارهای کنترل سیلاب شهری و ارزیابی نقش چاهک‌های خشک در تغذیه آبخوان حوضه آبریز شهری

Otimizando as estratégias de controle das águas pluviais urbanas e avaliando a recarga dos aquíferos através dos poços secos em uma bacia urbana

Kentsel yağmur suyu kontrol stratejilerinin optimizasyonu ve kentsel bir havzadaki kuru kuyuların akifer beslemesinin değerlendirilmesi

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Abstract

A coupled simulation-optimization model (SOM) is developed in this work that links the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with a genetic algorithm. The SOM simulates rainfall-runoff processes in urban watersheds and optimizes the implementation of drywells (DWs), bio-retention cells (BCs), and permeable pavement (PP) for stormwater control and aquifer recharge in District 6 of Tehran Municipality, Iran. Feasible DWs are selected through site inspection and considering stormwater quality criteria to prevent aquifer contamination. This study compares the current rates of urban runoff and groundwater recharge (baseline scenario) with new stormwater management strategies, which were designed based on several levels of funding. Results show the highest rate of runoff reduction and infiltration, as well as the most cost-effective options, would be achieved when DWs are added to the combination of BCs and PP for stormwater management. The runoff reduction rate in the presence of DWs would rise by 11.7, 7.0, and 6.1% in comparison to their absence for 12-, 17-, and 22-million-dollar budget levels, respectively. Implementation of BCs and PP would cause infiltration of about 235, 274, and 279 thousand m3 for the three cited budget levels, while combining DWs with BCs and PP would increase infiltration by 19, 15.6, and 14% for the three levels of investment, respectively. These results demonstrate the benefits of using local nonfunctional wells and qanats to reduce peak flows, replenish urban aquifers, and improve the economic efficiency of urban stormwater management projects.

Résumé

Un modèle couplé de type simulation-optimisation (SOM) a été développé dans cette étude permettant de lier le modèle de gestion des eaux pluviales de l’Agence Américaine de la Protection Environnementale (SWMM) avec un algorithme générique. Le SOM simule les processus pluie-ruissellement dans des basins versants urbains et optimise l’implantation de puits taris (DWs), de cellules de bio-rétention (BCs) et d’un revêtement perméable (PP) pour le contrôle des eaux pluviales et la recharge des aquifères dans le district 6 de la municipalité de Téhéran, Iran. L’estimation de la faisabilité des DW se fait par l’inspection des sites et en prenant en compte des critères de qualité des eaux pluviales afin d’éviter la contamination de l’aquifère. Cette étude compare le taux de ruissellement urbain actuel et la recharge des aquifères (scenario de base) avec de nouvelles stratégies de gestion des eaux pluviales conçues à partir de plusieurs niveaux de financement. Les résultats montrent que les taux les rentables, seraient obtenues si les DWs sont ajoutés à une combinaison de BCs et PP pour la gestion des eaux pluviales. Les taux de réduction du ruissellement en présence de DWs augmenteraient de 11.7, 7.0 et 6.1% par rapport à leur absence pour respectivement 12, 17 et 22 millions de dollars de niveau de financement. La mise en place de BCs et PP permettrait l’infiltration d’environ 235, 274 et 279 milliers de m3 pour les trois niveaux de budget cités alors qu’une combinaison de DWs avec BCs et PP augmenterait l’infiltration de 19, 15.6 et 14% respectivement pour les trois niveaux de financement. Les résultats montrent les bénéfices de l’utilisation de puits locaux non fonctionnels et de qanats pour réduire les pics de flux, remplir les aquifères urbains et améliorer l’efficacité économique des projets de gestion des eaux pluviales.

Resumen

En este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo acoplado de simulación-optimización (SOM) que vincula el Modelo de Gestión de Aguas de Tormenta (SWMM) de la EPA con un algoritmo genético. El SOM simula los procesos de precipitación-escorrentía en cuencas urbanas y optimiza la aplicación de pozos secos (DW), células de bio-retención (BC) y pavimento permeable (PP) para el control de las aguas pluviales y la recarga de acuíferos en el Distrito 6 del Municipio de Teherán, Irán. Los DW viables se seleccionan mediante la inspección del sitio y teniendo en cuenta los criterios de calidad de las aguas pluviales para evitar la contaminación del acuífero. En este estudio se comparan las tasas actuales de escorrentía urbana y de recarga de aguas subterráneas (hipótesis de referencia) con las nuevas estrategias de gestión de las aguas pluviales, que se diseñaron sobre la base de varios niveles de financiamiento. Los resultados muestran que la mayor tasa de reducción de la escorrentía y la infiltración, así como las opciones más eficaces en función de los costos, se alcanzarían cuando se añadieran los DW a la combinación de BC y PP para la gestión de las aguas pluviales. La tasa de reducción de la escorrentía en presencia de DWs aumentaría en 11.7, 7.0 y 6.1% en comparación con su ausencia para los niveles presupuestados de 12, 17 y 22 millones de dólares, respectivamente. La aplicación de los BC y PP causaría una infiltración de unos 235, 274 y 279 mil m3 para los tres niveles de presupuesto citados, mientras que la combinación de DW con BC y PP aumentaría la infiltración en un 19, 15.6 y 14% para cada uno de dichos niveles respectivamente. Estos resultados demuestran los beneficios de la utilización de pozos y qanats locales no funcionales para reducir los caudales máximos, recargar los acuíferos urbanos y mejorar la eficiencia económica de los proyectos de gestión de las aguas pluviales urbanas.

摘要

在这项工作中, 我们开发了耦合的模拟优化模型(SOM), 该模型连接美国环境保护局的雨水管理模型(SWMM)与遗传算法。 SOM模拟了城市流域的降雨径流过程, 并优化了伊朗德Tehran市第六区的干井(DWs), 生物滞留单元(BCs)和渗透性路面(PPs)的实施, 以控制雨水和含水层。通过现场检视并考虑雨水质量标准以防止含水层污染来选择可行的DWs。这项研究将当前的城市径流量和地下水补给率(基准情景)与新的雨水管理方案进行了比较, 该方案是基于不同水平的资金而设计的。结果表明, 将DWs添加到BCs和PP的组合中以进行雨水管理时, 将实现最高的径流减少和入渗率, 以及最具成本效益的选择。与没有考虑DWs的分别为12-、17-和22百万美元的预算级别相比, 有DW的径流减少率将分别增加11.7, 7.0和6.1%。实施BCs和PP将导致三个设定的预算水平的入渗量分别约为235, 274和279万m3, 而将DW与BC和PP结合将使三个投资水平的渗透率分别增加19, 15.6和14%。这些结果表明, 使用当地的非功能性水井和坎儿井减少峰值流量, 补充城市含水层并提高城市雨水管理项目的经济效益是有好处的。

چکیده

در این پژوهش یک مدل بهینه‌ساز-شبیه‌ساز از ترکیب مدل مدیریت سیلاب ارائه شده توسط آژانس حفاظت محیط‌زیست ایالات متحده آمریکا (SWMM) و الگوریتم ژنتیک ایجاد شده است. این مدل بهینه‌ساز-شبیه‌ساز فرآیندهای بارش-رواناب در حوضه آبریز شهری را شبیه‌سازی می‌کند و محل اجرای چاهک خشک، سلول‌های ماندزیستی و روکش‌های نفوذپذیر را با هدف کنترل سیلاب و تغذیه آبخوان در منطقه 6 شهری تهران بهینه می‌کند. چاه‌ها و قنات‌های خشک موجود در منطقه مورد مطالعه که قابلیت استفاده به عنوان چاهک خشک را دارند، از طریق بازرسی میدانی تعیین شدند. در این گزینش کیفیت رواناب ورودی به چاه‌ها برای جلوگیری از آلودگی آبخوان یکی از معیارهای انتخاب بوده است. در این پژوهش حجم سیلاب شهری و سیلاب قابل استفاده جهت تغذیه آبخوان در شرایط موجود (سناریوی پایه) با دو سناریو مدیریت سیلاب شهری در قالب چندین سطح بودجه مقایسه شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین میزان کاهش سیلاب و تغذیه آبخوان زمانی حاصل می‌شود که چاهک‌های خشک همزمان با سلول‌های ماندزیستی و روکش‌های نفوذپذیر برای مدیریت رواناب استفاده شوند. بعلاوه سناریو شامل هر سه روش کنترل سیلاب، مقرون به‌صرفه‌ترین گزینه بوده است. با اضافه شدن چاهک‌های خشک به سناریو کنترل سیلاب شامل سلول‌های ماندزیستی و روکش‌های نفوذپذیر، حجم رواناب به ترتیب 7/11، 0/7 و 1/6 درصد برای سه سطح بودجه 12، 17 و 22 میلیون دلاری، کاهش داشته است. اجرای سلول‌های ماندزیستی و روکش‌های نفوذپذیر باعث نفوذ تقریباً 235 ، 274 و 279 هزارمترمکعب سیلاب به آبخوان برای سه سطح بودجه ذکر شده می‌شود، در حالیکه اضافه شدن چاهک‌های خشک به ترکیب سلول‌های ماندزیستی و روکش‌های نفوذپذیر، سبب افزایش 19، 6/15 و 14 درصدی حجم‌های نفوذ اشاره شده در بالا به ترتیب در سه سطح بودجه می‌شود. نتایج بدست آمده مزایای استفاده از چاه‌های محلی متروکه و قنات‌های خشک به عنوان چاهک خشک را برای کاهش دبی اوج سیلاب، تغذیه آبخوان و بهبود بهره‌وری اقتصادی پروژه‌های مدیریت سیلاب شهری نشان می‌دهد. جنبه‌های اقتصادی-اجتماعی، مدلسازی مدیریت سیلاب شهری، بهینه‌سازی-شبیه‌سازی، الگوریتم ژنتیک، تغذیه آبخوان.کلمات کلیدی:

Resumo

Uma combinação do modelo de otimização - simulação (MOS) que integra o modelo da agência de proteção ambiental dos EUA com um algoritmo genérico é desenvolvida neste trabalho. O MOS simula os processos de precipitação - escoamento em bacias urbanas e otimiza a implementação dos poços secos (PSs), das células de biorretenção (CBs), e o pavimento permeável para o controle das águas pluviais e recarga de aquíferos no distrito 6 do município de Tehran, Irã. Os possíveis PSs são selecionados através de inspeções e considerando os critérios de drenagem para evitar contaminação dos aquíferos. Este estudo compara as atuais taxas de escoamento e recarga de água subterrânea (cenário de nível de base) com novas estratégias de gerenciamento das águas pluviais, as quais foram concebidas baseadas em vários níveis de financiamento. Os resultados mostram que a mais alta taxa de redução de escoamento e infiltração, bem como as opções mais econômicas, seriam alcançadas quando os PSs fossem adicionados à combinação dos CBs e PP para o gerenciamento das águas pluviais. A taxa de redução do escoamento com a presença de PSs poderia aumentar em 11.7, 7.0, e 6.1%, em comparação com sua ausência para os níveis dos orçamentos de 12, 17, e 22 milhões de dólares, respectivamente. A implementação das CBs e PP poderia gerar a infiltração de aproximadamente 235, 274, e 279 milhares de m3 para os três níveis de orçamentos citados, enquanto a combinação de PSs com CBs e PP aumentaria a infiltração em 19, 15.6, e 14% para os três níveis de investimentos, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstram os benefícios do uso dos poços locais não funcionais e qanats para reduzir os fluxos de pico, reabastecer os aquíferos urbanos, e melhorar a eficiência econômica dos projetos de gerenciamento das águas pluviais.

ÖZET

Bu çalışmada Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Çevre Koruma Ajansı tarafından sağlanan storm water management model (yağmur suyu yönetim modeli; SWMM) ile genetik algoritma birleştirilerek bir optimizasyon simülasyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Bu simülasyon-optimizasyon modeli, bir kentsel havzadaki yağış-akış süreçlerini simüle edip ve Tahran’ın altinci kentsel bölgesinde yağmur suyu kontrolü ve akifer beslemesi amacıyla kuru kuyuların, biyolojik tutma alanlarının, ve geçirgen kaldırımların uygulamasını optimize ediyor. Uygulanabilir kuru kuyular, akifer kontaminasyonunu önlemek için, saha incelemesi ile ve yağmur suyu kalite kriterleri dikkate alınarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, mevcut kentsel yüzey akışı ve yeraltı suyu şarjı oranlarını (temel senaryo), çeşitli finansman düzeylerine dayalı olarak tasarlanmış yeni yağmur suyu yönetimi stratejileriyle karşılaştırmaktadır. Sonuçlar, yağmur suyu yönetimi için biyolojik tutma alanlarının ve geçirgen kaldırımların kombinasyonuna kuru kuyuların, eklendiğinde, en yüksek akış azaltma ve akifer beslemesinin elde edildiğini göstermektedir. Biyolojik tutma alanları ve geçirgen kaldırımları içeren yağmur suyu kontrol senaryosuna kuru kuyuların eklenmesiyle, akış azaltma oranı, 12-, 17- ve 22-miliyon dolarlık bütçe seviyelerine göre sırasıyla, 11.70, 7.00 ve 6.10% artacaktır. Biyolojik tutma alanlarıın ve geçirgen kaplamaların uygulanması, belirtilen üç bütçe seviyesi için yaklaşık 235, 274 ve 279 bin metreküp sızmaya neden olurken, kuru kuyuların biyolojik tutma alanları ve geçirgen kaplamaların ile birleştirimesi, üç yatırım seviyesi için sızmayı 19, 15.6 ve 14% artıracaktır. Sonuçlar, pik akışları azaltmak, kentsel akiferleri beslemek ve kentsel yağmur suyu yönetim projelerinin ekonomik verimliliğini artırmak için yerel işlevsiz kuyular ve kehrizlerin kullanılmasının faydalarını göstermektedir.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our appreciation to Prof. Daniel P. Loucks for his constructive comments on the manuscript, which helped us to improve its quality and make it more readable.

Funding

The authors thank Iran’s National Science Foundation (INSF) for their support for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Irrigation & Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Tehran, 31587-77871, Iran

    Arezoo Boroomandnia, Omid Bozorg-Haddad & Mahdi Bahrami

  2. Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 300 Main St. Room C206, Columbia, SC, USA

    Erfan Goharian

  3. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, USA

    Vijay P. Singh

  4. Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016-4060, USA

    Hugo A. Loáiciga

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  1. Arezoo Boroomandnia
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  2. Omid Bozorg-Haddad
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  3. Mahdi Bahrami
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Correspondence to Omid Bozorg-Haddad.

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Boroomandnia, A., Bozorg-Haddad, O., Bahrami, M. et al. Optimizing urban stormwater control strategies and assessing aquifer recharge through drywells in an urban watershed. Hydrogeol J 29, 1379–1398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02316-0

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