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Neonicotinoids in groundwater: presence and fate in two distinct hydrogeologic settings in Ontario, Canada

Néonicotinoïdes dans les eaux souterraines: présence et devenir dans deux contextes hydrogéologiques différents en Ontario, Canada

Los neonicotinoides en las aguas subterráneas: presencia y destino en dos escenarios hidrogeológicos distintos en Ontario (Canadá)

地下水中的新烟碱:加拿大Ontario省两个不同水文地质条件中的存在和归趋

Neonicotinóides em águas subterrâneas: presença e destino em dois contextos hidrogeológicos distintos em Ontário, Canadá

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Abstract

Neonicotinoids are a group of insecticides that are commonly used in agriculture throughout the world. Despite their widespread use, there are significant knowledge gaps related to the presence and fate of neonicotinoids in groundwater. This research explores the environmental parameters governing the transport of the most commonly found neonicotinoids from surface application to deeper groundwater in two distinct hydrogeologic settings. Both of these research sites are located in Ontario, Canada: one has an unconfined, sandy Quaternary aquifer while the other has a fractured, crystalline bedrock aquifer (Canadian Shield) under a thin layer of soil and till. Groundwater sampling was conducted using 18–26 monitoring intervals at each research site during each sampling round (April 2016, July 2016, August 2016, November 2016, and April 2017). Analysis of six neonicotinoids, two fungicides, two herbicides, and one ryanoid insecticide were conducted using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (positive electrospray ionization)–tandem mass spectrometry. During the groundwater sampling period, soil sampling was conducted, and a crop survey completed. Results from groundwater sampling found the neonicotinoids clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam with maximum concentrations and detection frequencies above the level of quantitation of 2.09, 0.7, 0.46 μg/L, and 2.2, 0.9, 1.3%, respectively. Numerical analysis revealed that under similar environmental conditions, clothianidin and thiamethoxam are released in a similar pattern that resembles a pulse. Future research into this subject should include a finer sampling timeframe to confirm theories about the pulsing nature of neonicotinoids in groundwater.

Résumé

Les néonicotinoïdes sont un groupe d’insecticides qui sont classiquement utilisés en agriculture dans le monde. Malgré leur large utilisation, il reste de forts manques de connaissances sur leur présence et leur devenir dans les eaux souterraines. Cette recherche explore les paramètres environnementaux gouvernant le transport des néonicotinoïdes les plus couramment rencontrés depuis l’application en surface jusqu’aux aquifères profonds dans deux contextes hydrogéologiques distincts. Les deux sites de recherche sont localisés dans l’Ontario, Canada: l’un est un aquifère libre sableux du Quaternaire et l’autre un aquifère de socle cristallin fracturé (bouclier Canadien) sous une fine couche de sol et de till. L’échantillonnage des eaux souterraines a été conduit en utilisant un intervalle de suivi de 18 à 26 sur chaque site de recherche pour chaque campagne (avril 2016, juillet 2016, aout 2016, novembre 2016, et avril 2017). L’analyse de 6 néonicotinoïdes, 2 fongicides, 2 herbicides et 1 insecticide ryanoïde a été menée en utilisant une chromatographie liquide couplée à une spectrométrie de masse (ionisation électrospray positif) – spectrométrie de masse en tandem. Durant la période d’échantillonnage des eaux souterraines, un échantillonnage de sol a été mené et un inventaire des cultures réalisé. Les résultats de l’échantillonnage des eaux souterraines indiquent les néonicotinoïdes clothianidine, imidaclopride et thiaméthoxame avec des concentrations maximales et des fréquences de détection au-dessus de la limite de quantification respectivement de 2,09, 0.7, 0.46 μg/L et 2.2, 0.9 et 1.3%. L’analyse des données révèle que, sous des conditions environnementales similaires, la clothianidine et le thiaméthoxame sont libérés sous une forme similaire, qui ressemble à une impulsion. Les recherches futures sur ce sujet doivent inclure une fréquence d’échantillonnage plus fine pour confirmer les théories sur la nature pulsionnelle des néonicotinoïdes dans les eaux souterraines.

Resumen

Los neonicotinoides son un grupo de insecticidas que se utilizan comúnmente en la agricultura en todo el mundo. A pesar de su uso generalizado, hay importantes lagunas de conocimiento relacionadas con la presencia y el destino de los neonicotinoides en las aguas subterráneas. En la presente investigación se examinan los parámetros ambientales que rigen el transporte de los neonicotinoides más comúnmente encontrados desde la aplicación en la superficie hasta las aguas subterráneas más profundas en dos escenarios hidrogeológicos distintos. Ambos lugares de investigación están situados en Ontario (Canadá): uno posee un acuífero cuaternario no confinado y arenoso, mientras que el otro está constituido por un acuífero en roca madre cristalina fracturada (Escudo Canadiense) bajo una capa delgada de suelo y till. El muestreo de las aguas subterráneas se llevó a cabo utilizando entre 18 y 26 intervalos de monitoreo en cada sitio de investigación durante cada serie de muestreo (abril de 2016, julio de 2016, agosto de 2016, noviembre de 2016 y abril de 2017). Se analizaron 6 neonicotinoides, 2 fungicidas, 2 herbicidas y 1 insecticida rianoide mediante cromatografía líquida -espectrometría de masas (ionización electrospray positiva)- y espectrometría de masas en tándem. Durante el período de muestreo de las aguas subterráneas, se realizó un muestreo del suelo y se completó un estudio de los cultivos. Los resultados del muestreo de las aguas subterráneas revelaron que los neonicotinoides clotianidina, imidacloprid y tiametoxam tenían concentraciones máximas y frecuencias de detección superiores al nivel de cuantificación de 2.09, 0.7, 0.46 μg/L y 2.2, 0.9 y 1.3%, respectivamente. El análisis numérico reveló que bajo condiciones ambientales similares, la clotianidina y el tiametoxam se liberan en un patrón similar que se asemeja a un pulso. Las investigaciones futuras sobre este tema deberían incluir un marco temporal de muestreo más detallado para confirmar las teorías sobre la naturaleza pulsátil de los neonicotinoides en las aguas subterráneas.

摘要

新烟碱是全世界农业中常用的一组杀虫剂。尽管广泛使用,但对于地下水中新烟碱的存在和归趋有关的认识严重不足。本研究探索了在两种不同水文地质条件中,控制最常见的新烟碱类物质从地表向深层地下水迁移的环境参数。这两个研究地点均位于加拿大Ontario省:一个是潜水砂质第四纪含水层,而另一个是在薄土壤和耕作层之下的破碎的结晶基岩含水层(加拿大Shield)。在每个采样周期(2016年4月,2016年7月,2016年8月,2016年11月和2017年4月),每个研究地点使用18至26个监测间隔进行地下水采样。使用液相色谱-质谱法(正电喷雾电离)-串联质谱法分析了6种新烟碱类化合物,2种杀菌剂,2种除草剂和1种黑素类杀虫剂。在地下水采样期间,进行了土壤采样,并完成了作物调查。地下水采样的结果发现,新烟碱类可比丁,吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的最大浓度和检测频率高于定量水平,分别为2.09,0.7,0.46 μg/L和2.2,0.9,1.3%。数值分析表明,在相似的环境条件下,可尼丁和噻虫嗪的释放方式类似于脉冲。对该问题的未来研究应包括更精细的采样时间设计,以证实有关地下水中新烟碱类药物的脉动性质的理论。

Resumo

Os neonicotinóides são um grupo de inseticidas que são comumente usados ​​na agricultura em todo o mundo. Apesar de seu amplo uso, existem importantes lacunas no conhecimento relacionadas à presença e ao destino dos neonicotinóides nas águas subterrâneas. Esta pesquisa explora os parâmetros ambientais que governam o transporte dos neonicotinóides mais comumente encontrados, desde a aplicação da superfície até as águas subterrâneas mais profundas, em duas configurações hidrogeológicas distintas. Ambos os locais de pesquisa estão localizados em Ontário, Canadá: um possui um aquífero quaternário arenoso e não confinado, enquanto o outro possui um aquífero de rocha cristalina e fraturado (Escudo Canadense) sob uma fina camada de solo e plantio. A amostragem de águas subterrâneas foi realizada usando 18 a 26 intervalos de monitoramento em cada local de pesquisa durante cada rodada de amostragem (abril de 2016, julho de 2016, agosto de 2016, novembro de 2016 e abril de 2017). A análise de 6 neonicotinóides, 2 fungicidas, 2 herbicidas e 1 inseticida rianóide foi conduzida usando cromatografia líquida-espectrometria de massa (ionização por eletropulverização positiva)-espectrometria de massa em tandem. Durante o período de amostragem das águas subterrâneas, foi realizada a amostragem do solo e foi concluído um levantamento das culturas. Os resultados da amostragem de águas subterrâneas encontraram os neonicotinóides clothianidina, imidaclopride e tiametoxam com concentrações máximas e frequências de detecção acima do nível de quantificação de 2.09, 0.7, 0.46 μg/L e 2.2, 0.9, 1.3%, respectivamente. A análise numérica revelou que, sob condições ambientais semelhantes, a clothianidina e o tiametoxam são liberados em um padrão semelhante que se assemelha a um pulso. Pesquisas futuras sobre esse assunto devem incluir um período de amostragem mais fino para confirmar teorias sobre a natureza pulsante dos neonicotinóides nas águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Norfolk County and Chris Miller for providing access to monitoring wells. Thank you also to farmers/landowners in Norfolk and Lanark counties who provided information about their land use practices. Thank you to Laura Perron, Heather Shilton, and Peter Bishop for help with field work and generating maps.

Funding

This research was supported by the OMAFRA-University of Guelph Partnership (UofG project No. 030132) and the Ontario Federation of Agriculture (matching funds). This research project (UofG project No. 030132) is funded in part by the Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), through the Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance; and the Ontario Federation of Agriculture (matching funds). The Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs did not play a direct role in this project. The Ontario Federation of Agriculture provided advice on the format and methodology of the Farmer’s Survey.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    D. Browne & J. Levison

  2. Animal Science Building, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada

    V. Limay-Rios & A. Schaafsma

  3. Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    K. Novakowski

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  1. D. Browne
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Browne, D., Levison, J., Limay-Rios, V. et al. Neonicotinoids in groundwater: presence and fate in two distinct hydrogeologic settings in Ontario, Canada. Hydrogeol J 29, 651–666 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02250-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02250-7

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