Abstract
In karst catchments where only sparse temporal monitoring is performed, it is generally difficult to correctly assess the overall hydrodynamics of the basin. However, sparse temporal spring-discharge data may contain information of major importance for the characterization of such catchments, especially when sparse spring-discharge data over a long period are available and combined with higher frequency discharge and/or piezometric-level data. This paper proposes a methodology for the characterization and hydrodynamic modeling of karst catchments by coupling sparse temporal data of discharge at a karstic spring over a 30-year measurement period, with higher frequency (i.e. hourly) data of hydrodynamic (piezometry, discharge), physicochemical (temperature, electrical conductivity) and meteorological data over a short monitoring period of 21 months. The study area is the Oeillal spring catchment, one of the main outlets of the Fontfroide-Montredon limestone aquifer located at the border of the Narbonne-Sigean sedimentary basin, southern France. The present study focuses on the use of numerical tools such as time-series analysis (recession analysis, auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis) coupled with a lumped-parameter modeling approach, to assess the hydrodynamic behaviour of the karst system. The main results of the study highlight the necessity to couple the results from lumped-parameter rainfall-runoff modeling with results from high-resolution time-series analysis to evaluate the physical significance of the model, since classical numerical performance criteria such as the Nash-Sutcliff efficiency, Kling-Gupta efficiency and balance error, can be poorly estimated when only subsampled time series exist for model calibration.
Résumé
Dans les bassins karstiques ayant fait l’objet d’un suivi temporel parcellaire, il est généralement difficile d’évaluer correctement l’hydrodynamique complète du système. Cependant, des données temporelles parcellaires des débits de source peuvent contenir des informations d’importance majeure pour la caractérisation de ces bassins, en particulier lorsque les données fragmentaires de débit sont disponibles sur une longue période et sont complétées par des données à plus haute fréquence de débit et/ou de niveau piézométrique. Cet article propose une méthodologie pour la caractérisation et la modélisation hydrodynamique de bassins karstiques en couplant des données temporelles fragmentaires de débit d’une source karstique sur une période de suivi de 30 ans avec des données à pas de temps horaire hydrodynamique (piézométrie, débit), physico-chimique (température, conductivité électrique) et météorologique sur une période de suivi limitée à 21 mois. La zone d’étude est le bassin de la source d’Oeillal, un des exutoires principaux de l’aquifère carbonaté de Fontfroide-Montredon, situé à la limite du bassin sédimentaire de Narbonne-Sigean dans le sud de la France. L’étude se focalise sur l’utilisation d’outils numériques, tels que l’analyse de séries temporelles (courbes de récession, autocorrélation, corrélation croisée) couplée à une approche en modélisation globale, afin d’évaluer le comportement hydrodynamique du système karstique. Les principaux résultats de l’étude mettent en évidence la nécessité de coupler les résultats du modèle global pluie-ruissellement avec les résultats de l’analyse des séries temporelles à haute résolution pour évaluer la signification physique du modèle. En effet, les critères classiques d’évaluation de la performance des modèles tels que les coefficients de Nash-Sutcliff, de Kling-Gupta et de l’erreur de bilan peuvent être mal estimés lorsque seules des séries chronologiques sous échantillonnées sont disponibles pour la calibration du modèle.
Resumen
En las captaciones kársticas en las que sólo se realiza un escaso monitoreo temporal, por lo general es difícil evaluar correctamente la hidrodinámica general de la cuenca. Sin embargo, los escasos datos de descarga temporal de manantiales pueden contener información de gran importancia para su caracterización, especialmente cuando se dispone de escasos datos y se combinan con los datos con una mayor frecuencia de descarga y/o con datos de nivel piezométrico. En el presente artículo se propone una metodología para la caracterización y la modelización hidrodinámica de las cuencas kársticas mediante el acoplamiento de los escasos datos temporales de descarga en un manantial kárstico a lo largo de un período de medición de 30 años, con datos de mayor frecuencia (es decir, cada hora) de datos hidrodinámicos (piezometría, descarga), físico-químicos (temperatura, conductividad eléctrica) y meteorológicos durante un breve período de seguimiento de 21 meses. La zona de estudio es la cuenca de manantial de Oeillal, una de las principales descargas del acuífero calcáreo de Fontfroide-Montredon, situada en la frontera de la cuenca sedimentaria de Narbona-Sigean, en el sur de Francia. El estudio actual se centra en la utilización de instrumentos numéricos, como el análisis de series cronológicas (análisis de recesión, autocorrelación y análisis de correlación cruzada) junto con un enfoque de modelización de parámetros agrupados, para evaluar el comportamiento hidrodinámico del sistema kárstico. Los principales resultados del estudio ponen de relieve la necesidad de acoplar los resultados de la modelización de parámetros agrupados de precipitación-escorrentía con los resultados del análisis de series cronológicas de alta resolución para evaluar la importancia física del modelo, ya que los criterios clásicos de rendimiento numérico, como la eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliff, la eficiencia de Kling-Gupta y el error de equilibrio, pueden estimarse mal cuando sólo existen series cronológicas submuestreadas para la calibración del modelo.
摘要
在仅进行稀疏时间监测的喀斯特流域,通常很难正确评估流域的整体水动力条件。但是,稀疏时间的泉水排泄量数据可能包含表征此类流域的非常重要信息,尤其是当可获得较长时期的稀疏泉水排泄量数据并与更高频率的流量和/或测压数据结合时。本文提出了岩溶流域表征和水动力模拟的方法,该方法耦合了岩溶泉30年测量期的稀疏时间的排泄量数据与较高频率(即每小时)的水动力(比重,排泄量),理化数据相结合(温度,电导率)和短21个月较短时间监测期内的气象数据。研究区域是Oeillal泉流域,它是位于法国南部Narbonne-Sigean沉积盆地边界的Fontfroide-Montredon石灰岩含水层的主要排泄点之一。本研究的重点是使用数值工具,例如时间序列分析(衰退分析,自相关和互相关分析)以及集总参数建模方法,来评估岩溶系统的水动力行为。该研究的主要结果强调了耦合集总参数降雨径流模型的结果与高分辨率时间序列分析的结果以评估模型的物理意义的必要性,因为模型验证仅采用子采样时间序列时,经典的数值性能标准,例如Nash-Sutcliff效率,Kling-Gupta效率和平衡误差,可能估计不足.
Resumo
Em bacias cársticas, onde apenas o monitoramento temporal esparso é realizado, geralmente é difícil avaliar corretamente a hidrodinâmica geral da bacia. No entanto, dados temporais esparsos de descarga de nascente podem conter informações de grande importância para a caracterização de tais bacias, especialmente quando dados esparsos de descarga de nascente por um longo período estão disponíveis e combinados com descarga de frequência mais alta e/ou dados de nível piezométrico. Este artigo propõe uma metodologia para a caracterização e modelagem hidrodinâmica de bacias cársticas por meio do acoplamento de dados temporais esparsos de descarga em uma fonte cárstica ao longo de um período de medição de 30 anos, com dados de maior frequência (isto é, horários) de hidrodinâmica (piezometria, descarga), físico-química (temperatura, condutividade elétrica) e dados meteorológicos durante um curto período de monitoramento de 21 meses. A área de estudo é a bacia hidrográfica de Oeillal, uma das principais saídas do aquífero de calcário Fontfroide-Montredon localizado na fronteira da bacia sedimentar de Narbonne-Sigean, no sul da França. O presente estudo enfoca o uso de ferramentas numéricas, como análise de séries temporais (análise de recessão, autocorrelação e análise de correlação cruzada), juntamente com uma abordagem de modelagem de parâmetros concentrados, para avaliar o comportamento hidrodinâmico do sistema cárstico. Os principais resultados do estudo destacam a necessidade de acoplar os resultados da modelagem chuva-vazão de parâmetro concentrado com os resultados da análise de séries temporais de alta resolução para avaliar a significância física do modelo, desde critérios de desempenho numéricos clássicos, como a eficiência de Nash-Sutcliff, a eficiência de Kling-Gupta e o erro de equilíbrio podem ser mal estimados quando existem apenas séries temporais subamostradas para calibração do modelo.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the French Karst National Observatory Service (SNO KARST) initiative at the INSU/CNRS, which aims to strengthen knowledge sharing and promote cross-disciplinary research on karst systems at the national scale, for their support on the use of the KarstMod model. The authors also thank Météo-France for providing meteorological data.
Funding
The present study and the field monitoring near the Oeillal spring has been funded by ORANO Malvesi.
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Published in the special issue “Five decades of advances in karst hydrogeology”.
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Sivelle, V., Jourde, H. A methodology for the assessment of groundwater resource variability in karst catchments with sparse temporal measurements. Hydrogeol J 29, 137–157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02239-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02239-2