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Hydrochemical and environmental isotopes analysis for characterizing a complex karst hydrogeological system of Watuputih area, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

Analyses hydrochimiques et des isotopes de l’environnement pour caractériser un système hydrogéologique karstique complexe de la region de Watuputih, Rembang, Centre de Java, Indonésie

Análisis hidroquímico y de isótopos ambientales para la caracterización de un complejo sistema hidrogeológico kárstico del área de Watuputih, Rembang, Java Central, Indonesia

表征印度尼西亚爪哇省中部Rembang的Watuputih地区复杂岩溶水文地质系统特征的水化学和环境同位素分析

Análises hidroquímicas e de isótopos ambientais para caracterizar um sistema hidrogeológico cárstico complexo da área de Watuputih, Rembang, Java Central, Indonésia

Hydrogeology Journal volume 28, pages 1635–1659 (2020)Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 01 May 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

The karst hydrogeology systems of the Watuputih Hills region of Central Java, Indonesia, have many springs with varying discharge and are composed of formations with complex geological structures. This work characterized the karst hydrogeology by studying 50 hydrogeological features (caves, springs and wells) and by analyzing the chemical-physical properties of groundwater in the field (pH, temperature, EC, HCO3−, 222Rn) and the major ions and stable isotopes of the groundwater samples in the laboratory, along with the stable isotope content of rainwater sampled over 1 year. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the water samples identified three hydrochemical groups: groundwater flowing through carbonate rocks (groups C2 and C3), through quartz sandstones and volcanic rocks (group C4), and through carbonate rocks and the siliciclastic rocks (quartz sandstones) underneath them (group C1). Springs with large discharge, typified as artesian fault-guided springs, were categorized into group C1. These springs are Sumbersemen, Brubulan Tahunan, and Brubulan Pesucen, with mean discharges of 1,516, 165, and 95 L/s, respectively. Based on the results of the stable isotope analysis, the d-excess calculation and the 222Rn concentrations, groups C2, C3, and C4 associate with shallow groundwater systems that dominantly flow through pores, whereas group C1 associates with a deep groundwater system controlled by geological structure. The geological structure also determines the groundwater flow in the cave streams. The shallow groundwater system is sourced by local rainwater, while the deep groundwater system displays a relationship with the groundwater in the northern hills at an elevation >375 m above sea level.

Résumé

Les systèmes hydrogéologiques karstiques de la région des collines de Watuputih dans la partie centrale de Java en Indonésie, comprennent plusieurs sources avec des débits variables et sont composés de formations caractérisées par des structures géologiques complexes. Ce travail a concerné la caractérisation de l’hydrogéologie karstique en étudiant quelques 50 caractéristiques hydrogéologiques (cavités, sources et puits) et en analysant les propriétés physicochimiques des eaux souterraines sur le terrain (pH, température, conductivité électrique, HCO3−, 222Rn) et les ions majeurs et isotopes stables à partir d’échantillons d’eaux souterraines analysés au laboratoire, ainsi que les teneurs en isotope stable pour les eaux des précipitations collectées sur une période d’une année. L’analyse d’ensembles hiérarchisés des échantillons d’eau a permis d’identifier trois groupes hydrochimiques: l’eau souterraine qui s’écoule au sein des roches carbonatées (groupes C2 et C3), des roches de type grès riches en quartz et des roches volcaniques (groupe C4), et des roches carbonatées et silicilastiques (grès à quartz) sous-jacentes (groupe C1). Les sources avec des débits importants, de type sources artésiennes associées à une faille, ont été classées dans le groupe C1. Ces sources sont Sumbersemen, Brubulan Tahunan, et Brubulan Pesucen, avec des débits moyens de 1,516, 165 et 95 L/s, respectivement. Sur la base des résultats des analyses en isotopes stables, le calcul de l’excès en d et les concentrations en 222Rn, les groupes C2, C3 et C4 sont associés à des systèmes d’écoulements d’eau souterrain peu profonds dominés par des écoulements en milieu poreux, alors que le groupe C1 est associé à un système d’écoulement d’eau souterraine profond contrôlé par la structure géologique. La structure géologique détermine également l’écoulement d’eau souterraine dans les cours d’eau au sein des cavités. Le système d’écoulement d’eau souterraine peu profond est alimenté par les précipitations locales, alors que le système d’écoulement d’eau souterraine profond indique une relation avec les eaux souterraines dans les monts septentrionaux d’une altitude de recharge supérieure à 375 m (au-dessus du niveau de la mer).

Resumen

Los sistemas hidrogeológicos kársticos de la región de Watuputih Hills en Java Central, Indonesia, tienen muchos manantiales con descargas variables y están compuestos de formaciones con estructuras geológicas complejas. Este trabajo caracterizó la hidrogeología kárstica mediante el estudio de 50 rasgos hidrogeológicos (cuevas, manantiales y pozos) y el análisis de las propiedades químico-físicas de las aguas subterráneas en el campo (pH, temperatura, EC, HCO3−, 222Rn) y los principales iones e isótopos estables de las muestras en el laboratorio, junto con el contenido de isótopos estables del agua de lluvia muestreada durante un año. El análisis jerárquico de las muestras de agua identificó tres grupos hidroquímicos: agua subterránea que fluye a través de rocas carbonatadas (grupos C2 y C3), a través de areniscas de cuarzo y rocas volcánicas (grupo C4), y a través de rocas carbonatadas y rocas siliciclásticas (areniscas de cuarzo) debajo de ellas (grupo C1). Los manantiales con gran descarga, tipificados como manantiales artesianos guiados por fallas, fueron categorizados en el grupo C1. Estos manantiales son Sumbersemen, Brubulan Tahunan, y Brubulan Pesucen, con descargas medias de 1,516, 165, y 95 L/seg, respectivamente. En base a los resultados del análisis de isótopos estables, el cálculo del exceso de deuterio y las concentraciones de 222Rn, los grupos C2, C3 y C4 se asocian con sistemas de aguas subterráneas poco profundos que fluyen predominantemente a través de los poros, mientras que el grupo C1 se asocia con un sistema profundo controlado por la estructura geológica. La estructura geológica también determina el flujo de agua subterránea en las corrientes de las cuevas. El sistema poco profundo se alimenta del agua de lluvia local, mientras que el profundo muestra una relación con las aguas subterráneas de las serranías del norte a una altura >375 m sobre el nivel del mar.

摘要

印度尼西亚爪哇省中部的Watuputih山区的喀斯特水文地质系统有许多不同排泄量的泉水, 而且由具有复杂地质结构的地层构成。这项工作通过研究50个水文地质特征(洞穴,泉水和水井)并分析了场地地下水的化学物理特性(pH, 温度, EC, HCO3−, 222Rn)以及实验室中地下水样的主要离子和稳定同位素、一年内采集雨水样的稳定同位素含量,从而描述了喀斯特水文地质特征。水样的层次聚类分析确定了三个水化学组:地下水流经碳酸盐岩(C2和C3组), 流经石英砂岩和火山岩(C4组)以及流经其下方的碳酸盐岩和硅质碎屑岩(石英砂岩)(C1组)。大流量的泉水, 典型地如自流断层泉, 被分类为C1组。这些泉包括Sumbersemen,Brubulan Tahunan和Brubulan Pesucen泉, 平均流量分别为1,516、165和95 l / sec。根据稳定同位素分析的结果,d-过量计算和222Rn浓度,与浅层地下水系统相关的C2,C3和C4组主要流经孔隙水层, 而与深层地下水系统相关的C1组受地质结构控制。地质结构还决定了洞穴溪流的地下水流量。浅层地下水系统是由当地雨水补给, 而深层地下水系统则与海拔高于375 m的北部丘陵地区的地下水有一定的关系。

Resumo

Os sistemas hidrogeológicos cársticos da região de Watuputih Hills, no centro de Java, Indonésia, têm muitas nascentes com descargas variáveis que são compostas por formações com estruturas geológicas complexas. Esse trabalho caracterizou a hidrogeologia cárstica estudando 50 características hidrogeológicas (cavernas, nascentes e poços) e analisando as propriedades físico-químicas das águas subterrâneas no campo (pH, temperatura, CE, HCO3−, 222Rn), além dos íons maiores e isótopos estáveis de amostras de águas subterrâneas em laboratório, juntamente com o conteúdo de isótopos estáveis da água de chuva durante um ano. A análise hierárquica em grupos de amostras de água identificou três grupos hidroquímicos: águas subterrâneas fluindo através de rochas carbonáticas (grupos C2 e C3), através de arenitos quartzosos e rochas vulcânicas (grupo C4) e através de rochas carbonáticas e rochas siliciclásticas (arenitos quartzosos) debaixo deles (grupo C1). Nascentes com grandes vazões, tipificadas como nascentes artesianas guiadas por falhas, foram categorizadas no grupo C1. Essas nascentes são Sumbersemen, Brubulan Tahunan e Brubulan Pesucen, com descargas médias de 1,516, 165 e 95 L/s, respectivamente. Baseados nos resultados das análises de isótopos estáveis, do cálculo do excesso de d e das concentrações de 222Rn, os grupos C2, C3, e C4 associam-se a um sistema de água subterrânea rasa que flui dominantemente através de poros, enquanto o grupo C1 associa-se a um sistema de água subterrânea profunda controlado por estrutura geológica. A estrutura geológica também determina o fluxo de água subterrânea nos córregos das cavernas. O sistema de águas subterrâneas rasas é abastecido pela água da chuva local, enquanto o sistema de águas subterrâneas profundas possui uma relação com as águas subterrâneas nas colinas do norte, a uma altitude >375 m acima do nível do mar.

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Change history

  • 01 May 2020

    Fig. 3 in the original article contains an error in labelling. The correct figure is given here.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to the Head of the Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology and the Head of the Geological Agency the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia for their data and laboratory facilities assistance during the research activity. Authors would also like to thank the Head of the Office of Energy and Mineral Resources Assessment and Monitoring in Kendeng Selatan for facilitating the field activities, the academic community of the Faculty of Geological Engineering UNPAD for their invaluable critiques during the writing of this report, and Ahmad Taufiq, Ph.D. for the additional discussion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

    Taat Setiawan, Boy Yoseph C. S. S. Syah Alam &  Hendarmawan

  2. Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia, Diponegoro 57, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia

    Taat Setiawan

  3. Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

    Eko Haryono

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  1. Taat Setiawan
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  2. Boy Yoseph C. S. S. Syah Alam
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  3. Eko Haryono
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  4. Hendarmawan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Taat Setiawan.

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The original version of this article was revised: Figure 3 in the original article contains an error in labelling.

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Setiawan, T., Syah Alam, B.Y.C.S.S., Haryono, E. et al. Hydrochemical and environmental isotopes analysis for characterizing a complex karst hydrogeological system of Watuputih area, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Hydrogeol J 28, 1635–1659 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02128-8

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