Abstract
Dalhousie Springs is the largest spring complex in the western Great Artesian Basin (GAB), Australia. Aridland springs like Dalhousie provide the only aquatic habitats in regions lacking surface water and are globally threatened by unsustainable groundwater development. Groundwater use in the more densely populated eastern GAB historically was higher than that in the western GAB, where groundwater is primarily used for ranching; however, economically important mineral and energy industries have increased groundwater use. Throughout the western GAB, groundwater development has reduced spring discharge and artesian head. Of concern are potential impacts on spring discharge from future pumping; thus, an understanding of groundwater sources to springs is needed to develop effective groundwater management strategies that maintain spring flow. The generally accepted hydrogeologic model suggests Dalhousie Springs discharge is entirely composed of Jurassic-Cretaceous aquifer contributions; however, this study improves understanding of Dalhousie Springs by integrating new hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data with historic, previously unpublished petroleum exploration well-test data. A thermal model is used to estimate potential aquifer source depths of 270–802 m. 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715 suggests water–rock interaction with radiogenic basement and the importance of faults for vertical fluid transfer across multiple aquifers. Results show that Dalhousie Springs discharge is sourced by the previously unreported Permian Crown Point Formation and the Jurassic-Cretaceous aquifer. Mitigating effects of future groundwater development on Dalhousie Springs requires managing groundwater from Jurassic-Cretaceous and Permian aquifers to preserve near-spring potentiometric surfaces. Expanded multiple-environmental-tracer monitoring could be used to further refine groundwater sources to Dalhousie Springs.
Résumé
Les Sources de Dalhousie appartiennent au plus grand complexe de sources dans l’ouest du Grand Bassin Artésien (GBA), en Australie. Les sources d’Aridland comme celles de Dalhousie fournissent les seuls milieux aquatiques dans des régions déficitaires en eau de surface et qui sont de manière générale affectées par l’exploitation non durable des eaux souterraines. L’utilisation des eaux souterraines dans la partie orientale du GBA, avec la plus forte densité de population était plus importante de longue date que celle dans l’ouest du GBA, où l’eau souterraine est utilisée en premier lieu pour l’élevage; cependant, les industries minières et énergétiques d’importance économique ont contribué à une augmentation de l’utilisation des eaux souterraines. Dans toute la partie occidentale du GBA, l’exploitation des eaux souterraines a eu pour conséquence une réduction du débit des sources et de l’artésianisme. Les impacts potentiels des pompages à venir sur le débit des sources sont préoccupants. Ainsi, la compréhension des origines des écoulements des eaux souterraines vers les sources est nécessaire pour développer des stratégies de gestion efficace des eaux souterraines qui permettent un maintien des écoulements aux sources. Le modèle hydrogéologique généralement accepté suggère que la décharge des sources de Dalhousie est entièrement assurée par les contributions de l’aquifère du Jurassique et Crétacé. Cependant, cette étude améliore la compréhension du fonctionnement des sources de Dalhousie en intégrant de nouvelles données hydrogéologiques et hydrochimiques, à savoir des données historiques, non publiées auparavant, issues de l’exploration pétrolière. Un modèle thermal est utilisé pour estimer les profondeurs de 270–802 m de l’origine potentielle des eaux souterraines de l’aquifère. Le rapport isotopique 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715 suggère une interaction eau–roche avec le socle radiogénique et l’importance des failles pour la drainance verticale ascendante des fluides au travers des aquifères multiples. Les résultats montrent que la décharge des sources de Dalhousie trouve son origine dans la formation Crown Point du Permien, jamais mentionné auparavant, et de l’aquifère du Jurassique et Crétacé. Pour atténuer les effets de l’exploitation future des eaux souterraines sur les sources de Dalhousie, il faut gérer les eaux souterraines des aquifères du Jurassique-Crétacé et du Permien afin de préserver les surfaces piézométriques à proximité des sources. L’élargissement du suivi à l’aide de traceurs environnementaux multiples pourrait être utilisé pour préciser davantage l’origine des eaux souterraines qui s’écoulent jusqu’aux sources de Dalhousie.
Resumen
Dalhousie Springs es el complejo de manantiales más grande del oeste de la Great Artesian Basin (GAB), Australia. Los manantiales de tierras áridas como los de Dalhousie son los únicos hábitats acuáticos en regiones que carecen de agua superficial y están amenazados a nivel mundial por un desarrollo no sostenible de las aguas subterráneas. El uso de agua subterránea en el GAB oriental más densamente poblado fue históricamente más alto que en el GAB occidental, donde el agua subterránea se utiliza principalmente para la cría en granjas; sin embargo, las industrias mineras y energéticas económicamente importantes han incrementado el uso de agua subterránea. En todo el GAB occidental, el desarrollo de aguas subterráneas ha reducido la descarga de los manantiales y la carga hidráulica artesiana. Son preocupantes los impactos potenciales en la descarga de los manantiales por el bombeo futuro. Por lo tanto, se necesita un conocimiento de las fuentes de agua subterránea de los manantiales para desarrollar estrategias efectivas de manejo de agua subterránea que mantengan el flujo en los manantiales. El modelo hidrogeológico generalmente aceptado sugiere que la descarga de Dalhousie Springs está totalmente compuesta de contribuciones de acuíferos del Jurásico-Cretácico. Sin embargo, este estudio mejora el conocimiento de Dalhousie Springs al integrar nuevos datos hidrogeológicos e hidroquímicos con datos de ensayos de pozos históricos de exploración petrolera, no publicados anteriormente. Se utiliza un modelo térmico para estimar las profundidades potenciales de la fuente del acuífero de 270–802 m. La relación 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715 sugiere la interacción agua–roca con el basamento radiogénico y la importancia de las fallas para la transferencia vertical de fluidos a través de acuíferos múltiples. Los resultados muestran que la descarga de Dalhousie Springs proviene de la Crown Point Formation del Pérmico no reportada anteriormente y del acuífero Jurásico-Cretáceo. La mitigación de los efectos del futuro desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas en Dalhousie Springs requiere el manejo de las aguas subterráneas de los acuíferos Jurásico-Cretácico y Pérmico para preservar las superficies potenciométricas cercanas a la fuente. La expansión del monitoreo de múltiples trazadores ambientales podría utilizarse para refinar aún más las fuentes de agua subterránea hasta Dalhousie Springs.
摘要
Dalhousie泉水是澳大利亚大自流盆地(GAB)西部复杂的最大泉。像Dalhousie的干旱区泉水是地表水地区唯一的水生栖息地, 并且由于不可持续地下水开发受到全球威胁。历史上人口较稠密的GAB东部的地下水开采量高于GAB西部, 地下水主要用于牧场; 然而, 经济上重要的矿产和能源工业增加了地下水的开发。在整个GAB西部, 地下水开发减少了泉流量和自流水头。值得关注的是未来抽取对泉水的潜在影响。因此, 需要了解泉水的地下水补给来源, 以制定维系泉水的有效地下水管理策略。普遍接受的水文地质模型表明Dalhousie泉水完全来自于侏罗系-白垩系含水层。然而, 本研究通过应用新的水文地质和水化学数据, 以及之前未发表的石油勘探试井数据, 提高了对Dalhousie 泉水的了解。热模型用于估算270–802 m的含水层潜在补给深度。7Sr/86Sr > 0.715表明水-岩与放射性基底的相互作用以及断层对多个含水层垂直流体运动的重要性。结果表明, Dalhousie 泉水来自之前未报导的二叠系Crown Point组和侏罗系-白垩系含水层。减轻未来地下水开发对Dalhousie 泉水的影响需要从侏罗系-白垩系和二叠系含水层管理地下水, 以保护泉水附近的等压面。扩展的多环境示踪剂监测可用于进一步细化Dalhousie泉水的地下水补给源。
Resumo
As nascentes Dalhousie são o maior complexo de nascentes da Grande Bacia Artesiana (GAB), na Austrália. As nascentes áridas como Dalhousie fornecem os únicos habitats aquáticos em regiões carentes de águas superficiais e são globalmente ameaçadas pelo desenvolvimento insustentável das águas subterrâneas. O uso das águas subterrâneas na GAB oriental, mais densamente povoada historicamente, foi mais alto do que na GAB ocidental, onde as águas subterrâneas são usadas principalmente para a pecuária; no entanto, indústrias economicamente importantes de minerais e energia aumentaram o uso das águas subterrâneas. Em todo o oeste da GAB, o desenvolvimento das águas subterrâneas reduziu a descarga das nascentes e a carga hidráulica artesiana. Preocupam os possíveis impactos na descarga das nascentes por bombeamento futuro. Assim, é necessário um entendimento das fontes de água subterrânea para as nascentes para desenvolver estratégias eficazes de gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas que mantenham o fluxo das nascentes. O modelo hidrogeológico geralmente aceito sugere que a descarga das Nascentes Dalhousie é inteiramente composta por contribuições de aquíferos Jurássico-Cretáceos. No entanto, este estudo melhora a compreensão das Nascentes Dalhousie, integrando novos dados hidrogeológicos e hidroquímicos com dados históricos de testes de poço de exploração de petróleo, não publicados anteriormente. Um modelo térmico é usado para estimar profundidades potenciais de fontes de aquífero de 270 a 802 m. 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715 sugere interação água–rocha com embasamento radiogênico e a importância de falhas para a transferência vertical de fluidos através de vários aquíferos. Os resultados mostram que a descarga das Nascentes Dalhousie é originada pela Formação de Pico de Coroa Permiana não relatada e pelo aquífero Jurássico-Cretáceo. Os efeitos atenuantes do desenvolvimento futuro das águas subterrâneas nas Nascentes Dalhousie exigem o gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas dos aquíferos Jurássico-Cretáceo e Permiano para preservar superfícies potenciométricas próximas às nascentes. O monitoramento expandido de múltiplos traçadores ambientais pode ser usado para refinar ainda mais as fontes de águas subterrâneas nas Nascentes Dalhousie.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dean Ah Chee (one of the traditional owners and custodians of Dalhousie Springs), the Witjira National Park Co-management Board, and the owners of the New Crown Station (who graciously provided accommodation and site access). B. Wolaver extends his gratitude to John M. (Jack) Sharp, Jr., for introducing him to aridland springs at Balmorhea, Texas, and at the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin of northeast Mexico. Thanks also to V. Behrens, A. Costar, S. De Ritter, D. Freebairn, S. Fulton, T. Gotch, R. Habermehl, T. Halihan, M. Keppel, N. Robinson, P. Rousseau-Gueutin, C. Simmons, and D. Wohling for their support of the project.
Funding
This study was funded by a grant to A. Love from the National Water Commission under its Raising National Water Standards Program. Preparation of this manuscript was funded by The University of Texas at Austin Jackson School of Geosciences. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Published in the special issue “Advances in hydrogeologic understanding of Australia’s Great Artesian Basin”
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Wolaver, B.D., Priestley, S.C., Crossey, L.J. et al. Elucidating sources to aridland Dalhousie Springs in the Great Artesian Basin (Australia) to inform conservation. Hydrogeol J 28, 279–296 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02072-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02072-2