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Hydrochemical variations of groundwater and spring discharge of the western Great Artesian Basin, Australia: implications for regional groundwater flow

Variations hydrochimiques des eaux souterraines et du débit des sources du Grand Bassin Artésien occidental en Australie: implications pour l’écoulement régional des eaux souterraines

Variaciones hidroquímicas de las aguas subterráneas y de la descarga de manantiales de la Great Artesian Basin occidental, Australia: implicancias para el flujo regional de aguas subterráneas

澳大利亚大自流盆地西部地下水和泉流量的水化学变化:对区域地下水流动的影响

Variações hidroquímicas da água subterrânea e nascentes no oeste da Grande Bacia Artesiana, Austrália: implicações para o fluxo subterrâneo regional

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Abstract

The western Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is an important water source for pastoral and town water supplies, as well as for springs containing endemic flora and fauna, within arid Australia. This study focuses on the hydrochemical variations of groundwater and spring discharge in order to determine the major geochemical processes responsible for water quality and evolution across the western GAB. Regional hydrochemical trends within groundwater generally support the modern groundwater potentiometric surface and interpreted flow paths, highlighting that these approximately represent the long-term flow paths. Additionally, the regional chemical variations along the flow paths in the western GAB are complex, with their composition being a function of several controlling processes, including location of recharge, evapo-concentration, mixing and various water–rock interactions. These processes cause groundwater east of Lake Eyre to be predominantly of Na-HCO3 type, whereas groundwater originating from the western margin is of Na-Cl-(-SO4) type. The GAB springs appear to be discharging water predominantly from the main GAB aquifer, the J Aquifer; however, a component of the discharging water from several springs is from a source other than the J Aquifer. Current understanding of the hydrochemical variations of groundwater and spring discharge of the western GAB can help provide constraints on groundwater flow, as well as provide an understanding of the geochemical and hydrological processes responsible for water quality evolution.

Résumé

Le Grand Bassin Artésien occidental (GBA) est une ressource en eau importante pour l’approvisionnement en eau agricole et potable, ainsi que pour les sources présentant une flore et une faune endémiques de l’Australie aride. Cette étude porte sur les variations hydrochimiques des eaux souterraines et du débit des sources afin de déterminer les principaux processus géochimiques responsables de la qualité de l’eau et de son évolution dans l’ensemble du GBA occidental. Les tendances hydrochimiques régionales dans les eaux souterraines sont en accord avec la surface piézométrique et les circulations observées, en soulignant qu’elles représentent approximativement les voies d’écoulement à long terme. En outre, les variations chimiques régionales le long des axes de circulation dans le GBA occidental sont complexes, la composition des eaux dépendant de plusieurs processus de contrôle, y compris la localisation de la recharge, la concentration par évaporation, les processus de mélange et les diverses interactions eau-roche. Ces processus sont tels que les eaux souterraines à l’est du lac Eyre sont principalement de type Na-HCO3, tandis que les eaux souterraines provenant de la marge ouest sont de type Na-Cl-(-SO4). Les sources du GBA semblent majoritairement alimentées par l’aquifère principal du GBA, l’aquifère J; cependant, une composante de l’eau de plusieurs sources provient d’une autre origine que l’aquifère J. La compréhension actuelle des variations hydrochimiques des eaux souterraines et des sources du GBA occidental peut aider à fournir des contraintes concernant l’écoulement des eaux souterraines, ainsi qu’à mieux comprendre les processus géochimiques et hydrologiques responsables de l’évolution de la qualité de l’eau.

Resumen

La Great Artesian Basin (GAB) occidental es una importante fuente de agua para el abastecimiento de agua de pastoreo y de las ciudades, así como para los manantiales que contienen flora y fauna endémicas, dentro de la Australia árida. Este estudio se enfoca en las variaciones hidroquímicas del agua subterránea y de la descarga de manantiales para determinar los principales procesos geoquímicos responsables de la calidad y evolución del agua a través del GAB occidental. Las tendencias hidroquímicas regionales dentro del agua subterránea generalmente respaldan la superficie potenciométrica moderna del agua subterránea y las trayectorias de flujo interpretadas, destacando que éstas representan aproximadamente las trayectorias de flujo a largo plazo. Además, las variaciones químicas regionales a lo largo de las trayectorias de flujo en el GAB occidental son complejas, siendo su composición una función de varios procesos de control, incluyendo la ubicación de la recarga, la evapoconcentración, la mezcla y varias interacciones agua-roca. Estos procesos hacen que las aguas subterráneas al este del lago Eyre sean predominantemente del tipo Na-HCO3, mientras que las aguas subterráneas que se originan en el margen occidental son del tipo Na-Cl-(-SO4). Los manantiales del GAB parecen estar descargando agua predominantemente del acuífero principal del GAB, el Acuífero J; sin embargo, un componente del agua descargada de varios manantiales proviene de una fuente distinta al Acuífero J. El conocimiento actual de las variaciones hidroquímicas de las aguas subterráneas y de la descarga de manantiales del GAB occidental puede ayudar a controlar el flujo de las aguas subterráneas, así como a comprender los procesos geoquímicos e hidrológicos responsables de la evolución de la calidad del agua.

摘要

大自流盆地(GAB)西部是澳大利亚干旱地区牧民和城镇供水以及含有特殊动植物的泉水的重要水源。本研究的重点是地下水和泉流量的水化学变化, 以确定支配GAB西部水质和演化的主要地球化学过程。地下水中的区域水化学趋势通常支撑现代地下水等压力面和解释的流动路径解释, 特别是这近似代表了长期的流动路径。此外, GAB西部沿流向的区域化学变化复杂, 受几个控制过程影响, 包括补给位置, 蒸发浓缩, 混合和各种水-岩相互作用。这些过程导致Eyre湖以东的地下水主要为Na-HCO3型, 而源自西部边缘的地下水为Na-Cl-(-SO4)型。 GAB泉主要来自主要的GAB含水层(J 含水层)排泄; 然而, 几个泉水的排泄来自于J含水层以外的其他来源。目前对GAB西部地下水和泉流量的水化学变化的认识可以辅助作为地下水流动分析的约束条件, 并且加深对支配水质演变的地球化学和水文过程的理解。

Resumo

A Grande Bacia Artesiana (GBA) é uma importante fonte de água para abastecimento urbano e rural, assim como para as nascentes contendo fauna e flora endêmicas, dentro da Austrália árida. Este estudo é focado nas variações hidroquímicas das águas subterrâneas e descarga de nascentes a fim de determinar os principais processos geoquímicos responsáveis pela qualidade da água e evolução através da parte oeste da GBA. Tendências hidroquímicas regionais nas águas subterrâneas geralmente suportam a interpretação da superfície potenciométrica atual e os caminhos de fluxo, destacando que esses apresentam, aproximadamente, os caminhos de fluxo de longo termo. Além disso, as variações químicas regionais ao longo dos caminhos de fluxo no oeste da GBA são complexas, sendo suas composições uma função de diversos processos controladores, incluindo local de recarga, evapotranspiração, mistura e diversas interações água-rocha. Esses processos fazem com que a água subterrânea do leste do Lago Eyre seja predominantemente do tipo Na-HCO3, enquanto as águas subterrâneas originárias da margem oeste são do tipo Na-Cl-(-SO4). As nascentes da GBA parecem estar descarregando água predominantemente do principal aquífero da GBA, o Aquífero J; no entanto, um componente da água descarregada em diversas nascentes é proveniente de uma outra fonte. O entendimento atual das variações hidroquímicas das águas subterrâneas e descarga de nascentes no oeste da GBA pode fornecer restrições no fluxo subterrâneo, bem como permitir a compreensão dos processos geoquímicos e hidrológicos responsáveis pela evolução da qualidade da água.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Sue Vink and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive corrections and comments. We would like to acknowledge and thank all the people who contributed to this work, in particular Samantha De Ritter (Flinders University) and Simon Fulton (Northern Territory Government). The authors are also grateful for the support provided by landowners and managers of pastoral leases on which groundwater sampling was undertaken, in particular Nilpinna, The Peake, Anna Creek, New Crown, Macumba, Wintinna, Finnis Springs, Muloorina, Mt Sarah, Hamilton, Billa Kalina, Allandale, Mt Barry, Lilla Creek, Numery, Henbury, Andado, Atula and De Rose Hill Stations. We also acknowledge the traditional owners and custodians (present and past) of the Great Artesian Basin and South Australian spring country, particularly the Arrabuna, Dieri, Lower Southern Arrente, Wokangurru and Kuyani peoples.

Funding

This work was funded through the Australian Government National Water Commission’s Raising National Water Standards Program, administered through the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board and Flinders University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

    Stacey C. Priestley

  2. College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia

    Stacey C. Priestley, Paul Shand, Andrew J. Love & Pauline Rousseau-Gueutin

  3. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA

    Laura J. Crossey & Karl E. Karlstrom

  4. Department for Environment and Water, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia

    Mark N. Keppel & Daniel L. Wohling

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Published in the special issue “Advances in hydrogeologic understanding of Australia’s Great Artesian Basin”

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Priestley, S.C., Shand, P., Love, A.J. et al. Hydrochemical variations of groundwater and spring discharge of the western Great Artesian Basin, Australia: implications for regional groundwater flow. Hydrogeol J 28, 263–278 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02071-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02071-3

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