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Evidence for intra-plate seismicity from spring-carbonate mound springs in the Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre region, South Australia: implications for groundwater discharge from the Great Artesian Basin

Preuve de la séismicité intra-plaque à partir des sources à monticules carbonatés dans la région de Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, Sud de l’Australie: conséquences pour la décharge des eaux souterraines du Grand Basin Artésien

Evidencia de sismicidad intraplaca de los manantiales carbonáticos en la región de Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, Australia del Sur: implicancias para la descarga de aguas subterráneas de la Great Artesian Basin

南澳大利亚Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre地区碳酸盐泉的丘泉群板内地震活动的证据:对大自流盆地地下水排泄的影响

Evidências de sismicidade intraplaca de nascentes carbonatadas em morros na região de Kati Thanda-Lago Eyre, Austrália do Sul: implicações para a descarga de águas subterrâneas da Grande Bacia Artesiana

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Abstract

The relationship between fault structures and Great Artesian Basin (GAB) spring occurrence has rarely been discussed in relation to intra-plate seismicity. This is despite the occurrence of mound springs in the southwest portion of the GAB in South Australia being previously linked with the occurrence of faulting and the many studies concerning the role that tectonics plays in the formation and ongoing maintenance of spring activity. This study examines the correlation between seismicity and spring occurrences within the southwestern GAB, as well as field evidence for the relationship between ongoing spring activity and intra-plate seismicity. It was found that spring formation within the southwestern GAB is correlated with an interpreted northwest–southeast, left-lateral transpressional shear zone that is related to the Adelaide Fold Belt underlying the GAB. The influence of seismicity at these sites is implied through the propagation of deformation structures and lineaments concordant with interpreted underlying regional structures. In zones of reactivation, these structures and lineaments develop networks that readily form conduits for the migration of groundwater. Consequently, the spring-carbonate-depositing springs of the southwestern GAB have potential as a record for intra-plate tectonic activity associated with the northern portion of the underlying Adelaide Fold Belt. The work presented here re-enforces the importance of considering the effect that faulting has on groundwater flow paths and interconnectivity with either overlying or underlying aquifers within the southwestern GAB.

Résumé

La relation entre les structures de failles et la présence de sources dans la Grand Bassin Artésien (GBA) a peu été discutée sous l’angle de leur lien avec la séismicité intra-plaque. Et ce, malgré l’apparition de sources à monticules dans la partie sud-ouest du GBA en Australie du Sud, qui était auparavant liée à l’occurrence de failles et aux nombreuses études concernant le rôle que joue la tectonique dans la formation et le maintien continu de l’activité des sources. Cette étude examine la corrélation entre la séismicité et les occurrences de sources dans la région sud-ouest du GBA, ainsi que des évidences de terrains relatives à la relation entre l’activité des sources et la séismicité intra-plaque. Il en ressort que la formation des sources dans cette région est corrélée avec une zone de cisaillement en transpression latérale gauche de direction NW–SE qui est associée à la ceinture de plissement d’Adélaïde sous-jacente au GBA. L’influence de la séismicité sur les sites est implicite dans la propagation des structures de déformation et des linéaments en concordance avec les structures régionales sous-jacentes interprétées. Dans les zones de réactivation, ces structures et linéaments développent des réseaux qui forme de manière lisible des conduits utilisés pour la migration des eaux souterraines. Par conséquence, les sources à monticules de dépôts carbonatés du Sud-Ouest du GBA traduisent une activité tectonique intra-plaque associée à la partie nord de la ceinture de plissement d’Adélaïde sous-jacente. Les travaux présentés ici renforcent l’importance de tenir compte de l’effet des failles sur les écoulements des eaux souterraines et l’inter-connectivité avec les aquifères sus-jacents ou sous-jacents dans le GBA du Sud-Ouest.

Resumen

La relación entre las estructuras de falla y la ocurrencia de manantiales en la Great Artesian Basin (GAB) rara vez ha sido discutida en relación con la sismicidad intraplaca. Esto es a pesar de la ocurrencia de manantiales en la porción suroccidental del GAB en Australia del Sur, que se había relacionado previamente con la ocurrencia de fallas y los muchos estudios concernientes al papel que la tectónica juega en la formación y el mantenimiento continuo de la actividad de los manantiales. Este estudio examina la correlación entre la sismicidad y las ocurrencias de manantiales dentro del GAB del suroeste, así como la evidencia de campo para la relación entre la actividad de los manantiales y la sismicidad intraplaca. Se encontró que la formación de manantiales dentro del GAB suroccidental está correlacionada con una zona de cizallamiento transpresional interpretada del noroeste-sureste del lado izquierdo que se relaciona con el cinturón de pliegues de Adelaida subyacente al GAB. La influencia de la sismicidad en estos sitios está implícita a través de la propagación de estructuras de deformación y lineamientos concordantes con las estructuras regionales subyacentes interpretadas. En las zonas de reactivación, estas estructuras y lineamientos desarrollan redes que fácilmente forman conductos para la migración del agua subterránea. En consecuencia, los manantiales en depósitos carbonáticos de manantiales del suroeste del GAB tienen potencial para registrar la actividad tectónica intraplaca asociada con la porción norte del cinturón de pliegues subyacentes de Adelaida. El trabajo presentado aquí refuerza la importancia de considerar el efecto que las fallas tienen sobre las trayectorias de flujo de agua subterránea y la interconectividad con los acuíferos superpuestos o subyacentes dentro del GAB del suroeste.

摘要

很少有人讨论断层构造与大自流盆地(GAB)泉出露关系与板内地震活动的联系。尽管南澳大利亚GAB西南部出露了丘陵泉群,但之前均认为与断层的存在有关,而且许多研究关注构造在泉活动的形成和持续维持中所起的作用。本研究考察了西南地区GAB内地震活动与泉出露之间的相关性,以及目前泉活动与板内地震活动之间关系的现场证据。结果发现,GAB西南部泉的形成与解译的西北-东南向和左侧横向剪切带有关,该剪切带与GAB下覆的Adelaide褶皱带有关。变形结构和构造线的展布与解译的潜在区域结构一致,揭示在这些地点有地震活动的影响。在再活化区域,这些结构和构造线形成了易于地下水迁移通道的网络。因此,西南部GAB的碳酸盐泉的沉积泉群有可能记录下覆Adelaide褶皱带北部相关的板内构造活动。这里介绍的工作再次强调了考虑断层对地下水流动路径的影响以及与西南GAB上伏或下覆含水层相互联系的重要性。

Resumo

A relação entre estruturas de falhas e ocorrências de nascentes na Grande Bacia Artesiana (GBA) tem sido raramente discutida em relação à sismicidade intraplaca apesar da ocorrência de nascentes na parte sudoeste do GBA, na Austrália do Sul, que já eram previamente vinculadas à ocorrência de falhas e a muitos estudos sobre o papel que a tectônica desempenha na formação e manutenção contínua da atividade da nascente. Este estudo examina a correlação entre sismicidade e ocorrências de nascentes dentro da GBA sudoeste, bem como evidências de campo para a relação entre a atividade da nascente e sismicidade intraplaca. Verificou-se que a formação de nascentes no sudoeste da GBA está correlacionada com uma zona de cisalhamento interpretada como transpressional esquerda-lateral, noroeste-sudeste, que está relacionada com o Cinturão de Dobra de Adelaide subjacente à GBA. A influência da sismicidade nesses locais é sugerida pela propagação de estruturas de deformação e lineamentos concordantes interpretadas como estruturas regionais subjacentes. Em zonas de reativação, essas estruturas e lineamentos desenvolvem redes que prontamente formam condutos para a migração de águas subterrâneas. Consequentemente, as nascentes de depósito de carbonato de nascentes do sudoeste da GBA têm potencial como um registro para a atividade tectônica intraplaca associada à porção norte do Cinturão de Dobra de Adelaide subjacente. O trabalho aqui apresentado reforça a importância de se considerar o efeito que a falha tem sobre os caminhos de fluxo das águas subterrâneas e a interconectividade com aquíferos sobrejacentes ou subjacentes dentro do sudoeste da GBA.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following organizations and people: the traditional owners of this land, the Arabana People, for graciously allowing us to undertake this work, the Australian Federal Government National Water Commission (NWC), the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board (SAAL NRM) and the Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) for providing management assistance. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Phil Hayes and Prof. Mike Sandiford for reviewing the original manuscript and Dr. Graham Green and Dr. Mel White for donating two of the images in Fig. 9. This work was first presented as part of a PhD dissertation by Keppel (2013).

Funding

Funding was provided by the Australian Federal Government National Water Commission (NWC), the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board (SAAL NRM) and the Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia

    Mark N. Keppel & Andrew J. Love

  2. Department of Earth Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

    Karl Karlstrom & Laura Crossey

  3. Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd., Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

    Stacey Priestley

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  1. Mark N. Keppel
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Correspondence to Mark N. Keppel.

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Published in the special issue “Advances in hydrogeologic understanding of Australia’s Great Artesian Basin”

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Keppel, M.N., Karlstrom, K., Crossey, L. et al. Evidence for intra-plate seismicity from spring-carbonate mound springs in the Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre region, South Australia: implications for groundwater discharge from the Great Artesian Basin. Hydrogeol J 28, 297–311 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02049-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02049-1

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