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Characterizing scales of hydrogeological heterogeneity in ice-marginal sediments in Wisconsin, USA

Echelles de caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité hydrogéologique dans les sédiments de marge glaciaire du Wisconsin, Etats-Unis d’Amérique (USA)

Caracterización de escalas de heterogeneidad hidrogeológica en sedimentos de hielo marginal de Wisconsin, EEUU

表征美国威斯康星州冰缘沉积物水文地质异质性的尺度

Caracterização de escalas de heterogeneidade hidrogeológica em sedimentos de margem de gelo de Wisconsin, EUA

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Abstract

Creating a geological framework for hydrogeological investigations in ice-marginal settings is challenging, as the dynamic nature of ice margins results in heterogeneous sediments and complex geometries that are difficult to characterize geologically and hydraulically. In this study, a multi-scale and multi-tool approach was used to develop a robust and hydraulically calibrated conceptual model of a site in Wisconsin (USA), which constrains the subsurface geologic and hydraulic heterogeneity onsite and can be utilized offsite and in similar settings. Facies analysis, including detailed logging of sediment cores integrated with geophysical surveys, was used to reconstruct the glacial history of the site and to identify key sedimentation styles. Depth-discrete multilevel monitoring wells were used to measure hydraulic head and to explore the relationship between hydraulic conditions and stratigraphy. Results indicate that hydraulic and geological heterogeneity do not necessarily coincide, as hydraulic head profiles of the heterogeneous sediments showed little head change with depth. The minimal observed hydraulic heterogeneity in this complex geologic system is likely due to relatively small and spatially limited differences in hydraulic conductivities, limited water-table relief, and minimal natural or induced transience to enhance local head differentials. Hydraulic data were also used to provide new insights on the style and scale of geologic heterogeneity known to influence permeability within ice-marginal sediments; this is especially relevant at the study site where fine-scale bedding (millimeters to tens of centimeters scale) and lateral continuity of units (meters to hundreds of meters scale) influence water recharge and dense nonaqueous phase liquids migration and distribution.

Résumé

Créer un cadre géologique pour des investigations hydrogéologiques au sein de dépôts glaciaires est ardu, du fait de la nature dynamique des marges glaciaires qui conduit à des sédiments hétérogènes et à des géométries complexes, difficiles à caractériser du point de vue géologique et hydraulique. Dans cette étude, une approche multi-échelles et multi-outils a été utilisée pour développer un modèle conceptuel robuste, calibré hydrauliquement, d’un site dans le Wisconsin (USA), qui contraint la géologie de subsurface et l’hétérogénéité hydraulique sur site et qui peut être utilisé hors site dans des conditions similaires. L’analyse des faciès, incluant des logs détaillés de carottes de sédiments et intégrant des reconnaissances géophysiques, a été utilisée pour reconstruire l’histoire glaciaire du site et pour identifier les styles de dépôts-types. Des forages de contrôle à des profondeurs multiples discrétisées ont été utilisées pour mesurer la charge hydraulique et explorer les relations entre les paramètres hydrauliques et la stratigraphie. Les résultats indiquent que les hétérogénéités hydrauliques et géologiques ne coïncident pas forcément, avec des profils de charge hydraulique des sédiments hétérogènes qui ont montré une faible variation de la charge avec la profondeur. L’hétérogénéité hydraulique minimale observée au sein de ce système géologique complexe est probablement due aux différences relativement faibles et limitées spatialement des conductivités hydrauliques, au gradient hydraulique limité et au caractère transitoire, naturel ou induit, de l’augmentation des différentiels de charge locales. Les données hydrauliques ont aussi été utilisées pour apporter de nouvelles indications sur le style et l’échelle de l’hétérogénéité géologique, connue pour influencer la perméabilité au sein des sédiments de marge glaciaire. Cela est particulièrement pertinent pour ce site d’étude, où le litage fin (à une échelle de quelques millimètres à des dizaines de centimètres) et la continuité latérale des unités (à une échelle de quelques mètres à des centaines de mètres) influencent la recharge hydraulique ainsi que la migration et la répartition des liquides denses en phase non aqueuse.

Resumen

La creación de un marco geológico para las investigaciones hidrogeológicas en entornos de hielo marginal es un reto, ya que la naturaleza dinámica de los márgenes de hielo da como resultado sedimentos heterogéneos y geometrías complejas que son difíciles de caracterizar geológica e hidráulicamente. En este estudio, se utilizó un enfoque multi-escala y multi-herramienta para desarrollar un modelo conceptual robusto e hidráulicamente calibrado de un sitio en Wisconsin (EEUU), que limita la heterogeneidad geológica e hidráulica del subsuelo en el sitio y puede ser utilizado fuera del sitio y en entornos similares. El análisis de facies, incluido el registro detallado de los núcleos sedimentarios integrado con los estudios geofísicos, se utilizó para reconstruir la historia glacial del sitio y para identificar los principales estilos de sedimentación. Se utilizaron pozos de monitoreo multinivel de profundidad discreta para medir la altura hidráulica y para explorar la relación entre las condiciones hidráulicas y la estratigrafía. Los resultados indican que la heterogeneidad hidráulica y geológica no necesariamente coinciden, ya que los perfiles de carga hidráulica en los sedimentos heterogéneos mostraron poco cambio de dicha carga con la profundidad. La heterogeneidad hidráulica mínima observada en este sistema geológico complejo se debe probablemente a diferencias relativamente pequeñas y espacialmente limitadas en las conductividades hidráulicas, un limitado relieve de la capa freática y una mínima transitoriedad natural o inducida para mejorar las diferencias de las cargas locales. Los datos hidráulicos también se utilizaron para proporcionar nuevos conocimientos sobre el estilo y la escala de la heterogeneidad geológica que se sabe que influye en la permeabilidad dentro de los sedimentos marginales del hielo; esto es especialmente relevante en el sitio del estudio, donde la estratificación a escala fina (escala de milímetros a decenas de centímetros) y la continuidad lateral de las unidades (escala de metros a cientos de metros) influyen en la recarga del agua y la migración y distribución de los líquidos en fase densa no acuosa.

摘要

因为冰缘的动态特性导致异质的沉积物和地质与水力方面难以表征的复杂几何形状,冰缘环境中创建水文地质调查的地质框架具有挑战性。在本研究中,利用多尺度和多工具方法开发了威斯康星州(美国)具有鲁棒性和经过水力校准的场地概念模型,该模型限制了现场地下地质和水力异质性,又可以被场外和类似地区使用。利用结合地球物理调查的沉积岩心详细测井的相分析,重建该场地的冰川历史并确定关键的沉积类型。利用深度离散的多级监测井测量水头并探索水力条件与地层学之间的关系。结果表明,因为非均质沉积物的水头剖面随深度变化很小,所以水力和地质异质性不一定重合。复杂地质系统中观察到的最小水力异质性可能是由于水力传导率的相对较小和空间局限性差异,有限的潜水位溢出,以及增强局部头部差异的最小的自然或诱导瞬变。水力资料还用于提供关于已知影响冰缘沉积物内渗透率的地质异质性特征和尺度的新认识;这与研究场地特别相关,其中细小的层理(毫米到几十厘米的尺度)和单位横向连续性(米到几百米的尺度)影响水补给和重质非水相液体的迁移和分布.

Resumo

A criação de um contexto geológico para investigações hidrogeológicas em ambientes de margem de gelo é desafiador, pois a dinâmica natural de margens de gelo resulta em sedimentos heterogêneos e geometrias complexas que são difíceis de caracterizar geologicamente e hidraulicamente. Neste estudo, um método de multiescalas e multiferramentas foi usado para desenvolver um modelo conceitual robusto e hidraulicamente calibrado de um local em Wisconsin (EUA), que formam a geologia de subsuperfície e heterogeneidade hidráulica local e que pode ser utilizada fora da área e em ambientes similares. Análise de fáceis incluindo descrição detalhada de sedimentos de testemunhos integrado com avaliação geofísica, foi usado para reconstruir a história glacial do site e para identificar estilos chaves de sedimentos. Poços multiníveis com intervalos de amostragem com profundidade discreta foram usados para medir a carga hidráulica e para explorar a relação entre as condições hidráulicas e estratigrafia. Os resultados indicam que as heterogeneidades hidráulica e geológica não necessariamente coincidem, já que perfis de carga hidráulica em sedimentos heterogêneos mostraram pouca variação de carga hidráulica com a profundidade. A heterogeneidade hidráulica mínima observada neste sistema geológico complexo é provavelmente devido a diferenças de condutividade hidráulica relativamente pequenas e limitadas espacialmente, relevo limitado do nível de água, e mínimo transiente naturais ou induzidos para aumentar a diferença das cargas hidráulicas. Os dados de carga hidráulicas foram também usados para gerar novos entendimentos no estilo e escala da heterogeneidade geológicas conhecida por influenciar a permeabilidade em sedimentos de margem de gelo; isto é especialmente relevante na área de estudo em acamamentos finos (escala milimétrica a dezenas de centímetros) e continuidade lateral de unidades (escala de metros a centenas de metros) influenciam a recarga da água e migração e distribuição de líquidos densos de fase não aquosa.

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from Hydrite Chemical Co., a member of the University Consortium for Field-Focused Groundwater Contamination Research (https://theuniversityconsortium.org), the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through an Industrial Research Chair (Parker) and an NSERC CGS-M graduate scholarship (Harvey) as well as the Ontario government for a Graduate Scholarship (Harvey). We also acknowledge the skillful field and laboratory assistance from staff and students of the G360 Institute for Groundwater Research. Detailed comments provided by two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript and are much appreciated.

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Harvey, T.M., Arnaud, E., Meyer, J.R. et al. Characterizing scales of hydrogeological heterogeneity in ice-marginal sediments in Wisconsin, USA. Hydrogeol J 27, 1949–1968 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01978-1

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