Abstract
The karst aquifer of Jinfoshan Karst (JFK) in UNESCO’s South China Karst World Heritage Site was investigated. An artificial tracer test, geochemistry, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes were employed to assess the impacts of effluent from the Jinfoshan Holiday Hotel (JHH), Chongqing, on the karst aquifer and its outlet, Shuifang spring (SFS). Most of the fluorescent dye (uranine) flushed into a JHH toilet was recovered at SFS, suggesting a strong hydraulic connection between JHH and SFS. The waters of SFS were of HCO3–Ca type, whereas the effluent had more complex hydrochemical characteristics. The effluent was characterized by higher mean δD and δ18O values. The slope of the δD–δ18O evaporation line for effluent was significantly lower than that of the local meteoric water line, indicating evaporation. Concentrations of major elements at SFS were below the threshold values of the Chinese Standard for Groundwater Quality. However, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of SFS waters were influenced by the effluent and mixing with water from diffuse sources within the aquifer. Low values of d-excess at SFS corresponded well to periods of high tourism activity (weekends and holidays), suggesting that declining d-excess probably signifies an increased release of contaminants from the hotel. The contribution of effluent to the discharge of the SFS was ~18%. Because of tourism activities and their production of wastewater, the results of this study may be relevant to other karst environments and World Heritage Sites throughout the world.
Résumé
L’aquifère karstique du Karst de Jinfoshan (JFK), au sein du site UNESCO du Karst de Chine du Sud inscrit au patrimoine mondial, a été étudié. Des essais de traçage artificiel, géochimiques et isotopiques (isotopes de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène) ont été utilisés pour évaluer les impacts d’un effluent rejeté par l’Hôtel Holiday de Jinfoshan (HHJ), à Chongqing, sur l’aquifère karstique et son exutoire, la source Shuifang (SSF). La plus grande partie du traceur fluorescent (uranine) introduit dans une toilette du HHJ a été retrouvé à la source SSF, suggérant une forte connexion hydraulique entre HHJ et SSF. Les eaux de la SSF sont de type bicarbonaté calcique, alors que l’effluent a des caractéristiques hydrochimiques plus complexes. L’effluent est. caractérisé par des valeurs moyennes de δD et δ18O plus élevées. La pente de la droite d’évaporation δD–δ18O pour l’effluent est. significativement plus faible que celle de la droite de l’eau météorique locale, indiquant une évaporation. Les concentrations en éléments majeurs de la SSF sont en-dessous des valeurs-seuil de la Norme Chinoise pour la Qualité des Eaux souterraines. Cependant, les compositions isotopiques de l’hydrogène et de l’oxygène des eaux de la SSF sont influencées par l’effluent, et un mélange avec de l’eau de différentes origines au sein de l’aquifère. Les faibles valeurs de l’excès en deutérium à la SSF correspondent bien aux périodes de forte activité touristique (weekends et vacances), ce qui suggère que la diminution de l’excès en deutérium est. le signe d’un largage accru des contaminants en provenance de l’hôtel. La contribution de l’effluent au débit de la SSF est. d’environ 18%. Compte-tenu des activités touristiques et de la production d’eaux résiduaires, les résultats de cette étude peuvent être appliqués à travers le monde à d’autres environnements karstiques dont des sites classés au patrimoine mondial.
Resumen
Se investigó el acuífero kárstico de Jinfoshan Karst (JFK) en el sitio del Patrimonio Mundial de Karst de la UNESCO, en el sur de China. Se empleó una prueba de trazador artificial, geoquímica e isótopos de oxígeno e hidrógeno para evaluar los impactos de los efluentes del Jinfoshan Holiday Hotel (JHH), Chongqing, en el acuífero kárstico y en la salida, Shuifang spring (SFS). La mayor parte del colorante fluorescente (uranina) que se descargó en un inodoro del JHH se recuperó en el SFS, lo que sugiere una fuerte conexión hidráulica entre el JHH y el SFS. Las aguas del SFS eran de tipo HCO3–Ca, mientras que el efluente tenía características hidroquímicas más complejas. El efluente se caracterizó por valores medios más altos de δD y δ18O. La pendiente de la línea de evaporación del δD–δ18O para el efluente fue significativamente más baja que la de la línea de agua meteórica local, lo que indica la evaporación. Las concentraciones de los elementos principales en SFS estaban por debajo de los valores del umbral de la norma china para la calidad del agua subterránea. Sin embargo, las composiciones isotópicas de hidrógeno y oxígeno de las aguas del SFS se vieron influenciadas por el efluente y se mezclaron con agua de fuentes difusas dentro del acuífero. Los bajos valores de excesos de d en SFS correspondieron bien a los períodos de alta actividad turística (fines de semana y días festivos), lo que sugiere que la disminución del exceso de d probablemente signifique una mayor liberación de contaminantes del hotel. La contribución del efluente a la descarga del SFS fue de ~18%. Debido a las actividades turísticas y su producción de aguas residuales, los resultados de este estudio pueden ser relevantes para otros entornos kársticos y Sitios de Patrimonio Mundial en todo el mundo.
摘要
论文研究了联合国教科文组织世界遗产地“中国南方喀斯特”重庆金佛山的岩溶含水层。利用示踪试验、地球化学和氢氧同位素等手段,分析了金佛山假日酒店化粪池污水对下伏岩溶含水层及其排泄口水房泉的影响。冲入酒店厕所的荧光素钠示踪剂大部分在水房泉得以回收,表明酒店和水房泉之间存在很强的水力联系。水房泉样品的水化学为HCO3–Ca型,而污水的水化学类型较为复杂。污水样品有着较高的δD、δ18O值,其蒸发线斜率远低于当地大气降水线,说明污水存在蒸发。水房泉样品的主要元素浓度未超过中国地下水质标准的警戒限。然而,水房泉样品的氢氧同位素组成受到污水和含水层扩散流地下水混合的共同影响。水房泉样品中过量氘的低值与高强度的旅游活动(周末和节假日)有着较好的对应关系,说明过量氘值的降低可能意味着酒店排污量的增加。经过计算,污水对水房泉流量的贡献率约为18%。由于旅游活动会产生污废水,本文的研究结果对其他岩溶区和世界遗产地的管理可能有参考借鉴意义。
Resumo
O aquífero cárstico de Jinfoshan (JFK) situado no Karst World Heritage do Sul da China, e patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO, foi investigado. Para avaliar os impactos no aquífero cárstico e a sua ressurgência dos efluentes do Hotel Jinfoshan Holiday de Chongqing (JHH) em sua saída na nascente Shuifan (SFS) foram utilizados um teste de traçador artificial, geoquímica, e isótopos de oxigênio e hidrogênio. A maior parte do corante fluorescente (uranina) injetado em um vaso sanitário do JHH foi recuperado na SFS, sugerindo uma forte conexão hidráulica entre JHH e SFS. As águas do SFS foram do tipo HCO3–Ca, enquanto o efluente apresentou características hidroquímicas mais complexas. O efluente foi caracterizado por maiores valores médios de δD e δ18O. A inclinação de reta da linha de evaporação δD – δ18O foi significativamente menor que a da linha de água meteórica local, indicando evaporação. As concentrações dos elementos maiores na SFS estavam abaixo dos valores limite do Padrão Chinês para Qualidade das Águas Subterrâneas. No entanto, as composições isotópicas de hidrogênio e oxigênio das águas SFS foram influenciadas pelo efluente e pela mistura com águas de diferentes fontes difusas dentro do aquífero. Valores baixos de d-excess no SFS se correlacionaram bem com períodos de alta afluência turística (fins de semana e feriados), sugerindo que o declínio do d-excess implica em um maior aporte de contaminantes do hotel. A contribuição do efluente para a descarga do SFS foi de ~18%. Os resultados deste estudo sobre as atividades turísticas e de produção de águas residuais podem ser relevantes para outros ambientes cársticos em outros locais do mundo pertencentes ao Patrimônio Mundial.
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Acknowledgements
The authors express gratitude to Guowen Xie, Zhengliang Yu, Feng Chen, Zhaojun Zhan, Juan Ren, Haiyue Zhang, and Zheyu Ma, for their help in the field sampling and laboratory work.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2016YFC050230206, 2011BAC09B01), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41103068), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK2018AB002, SWU116087, and XDJK2017B13), and the China Scholarship Council.
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Yang, P., Ming, X., Groves, C. et al. Impact of hotel septic effluent on the Jinfoshan Karst aquifer, SW China. Hydrogeol J 27, 321–334 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1890-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1890-3