Abstract
Groundwater pumping and changes in climate-induced recharge lead to lower groundwater levels and significant changes in the water balance of a catchment. Water previously discharged as evapotranspiration can become a source of pumpage. Neglecting this effect leads to overestimated streamflow depletion. A small river basin (Sudogda River Basin, Russia) with a boreal climate and with long-term records of groundwater head and streamflow rate (showing that the measured stream depletion is less than the pumping rate) was investigated. The role of evapotranspiration in the water balance was analyzed by a hydrogeological model using MODFLOW-2005 with the STR package; the annual variation in recharge was obtained with the codes Surfbal and HYDRUS. The Sudogda River Basin was classified according to landscape and unsaturated-zone texture classes, and for each classified zone, the unsaturated-zone flow simulation was used to calculate the annual recharge dynamics for the observation period. Calibration of the regional flow model was conducted using flow and head observations jointly for two steady-state flow conditions—natural (before pumping started) and stressed (pumping). The simulations showed that pumped water originates from three sources: intercepted baseflow (75% of the annual total pumping rate), the capture of groundwater evapotranspiration discharge plus increased groundwater recharge (17%), and induced stream infiltration (8%). Additionally, multi-year precipitation records were analyzed to detect any long-term recharge and pumping water-budget changes. The results showed that increasing groundwater recharge by natural precipitation leads to (1) decreased intercepted baseflow and induced streamflow infiltration and (2) increased intercepted evapotranspiration discharge, thereby reducing stream depletion.
Résumé
Le pompage des eaux souterraines et les changements de recharge provoqués par le climat entraînent une baisse des niveaux d’eau souterraine et des changements significatifs du bilan hydrique du bassin versant. L’eau précédemment extraite sous forme d’évapotranspiration peut devenir un apport pour le pompage. Négliger cet effet conduit à surestimer la diminution de l’écoulement de surface. Le bassin d’une petite rivière (Bassin de la Rivière Sudogda, Russie) sous climat boréal, avec des enregistrements de long terme de la charge piézométrique et du taux d’écoulement (montrant que la diminution de l’écoulement est moindre que le taux de pompage) a été étudié. Le rôle de l’évapotranspiration dans le bilan hydrique a été analysé grâce à un modèle hydrogéologique utilisant MODFLOW-2005 et le module STR; la variation annuelle de la recharge a été obtenue à l’aide des codes SURFBAL et HYDRUS. Le Bassin de la Rivière Sudogda a été catégorisé selon des classes de paysage et de texture de la zone non saturée et, pour chaque zone classifiée, la simulation du flux dans la zone non saturée a été utilisée pour calculer la dynamique de la recharge annuelle pendant la période d’observation. Le calage du modèle d’écoulement régional a été réalisé en utilisant les observations portant sur le flux et la charge hydraulique pour des conditions d’écoulement permanent, naturelles (avant le début du pompage) et influencées (en pompage). Les simulations ont montré que l’eau pompée a trois origines: l’écoulement de base intercepté (75% du taux de pompage total annuel), la capture de la décharge de l’évapotranspiration de l’eau souterraine augmentée d’une recharge accrue d’eau souterraine (17%) et de l’infiltration induite du cours d’eau (8%). De plus, les enregistrements des précipitations interannuelles ont été analysés dans le but de détecter toute recharge de long terme et les variations du bilan des pompages. Les résultats ont montré que l’augmentation de la recharge de l’eau souterraine par les précipitations naturelles conduit (1) à la diminution de l’écoulement de base intercepté et à l’infiltration du courant induit et (2) à un accroissement de la décharge de l’évapotranspiration interceptée, réduisant de ce fait la diminution de l’écoulement de surface.
Resumen
El bombeo de agua subterránea y los cambios en la recarga inducidos por el clima conducen a una profundización de los niveles de agua subterránea y a cambios significativos en el balance hídrico de una cuenca. El agua que anteriormente era descargada como evapotranspiración puede convertirse en una fuente para el bombeo. Si se descuida este efecto puede existir una sobreestimación del agotamiento del flujo de una corriente. Se investigó una pequeña cuenca fluvial (cuenca del río Sudogda, Rusia) con un clima boreal y con registros a largo plazo de la carga hidráulica del agua subterránea y caudales de la corriente (que muestra que el agotamiento medido de la corriente es menor que el caudal de bombeo). El papel de la evapotranspiración en el balance hídrico se analizó mediante un modelo hidrogeológico usando MODFLOW-2005 con el paquete STR; la variación anual en la recarga se obtuvo con los códigos Surfbal e HYDRUS. La cuenca del río Sudogda se clasificó de acuerdo con el paisaje y las clases de textura de la zona no saturada, y para cada zona clasificada, se utilizó la simulación de flujo de la zona no saturada para calcular la dinámica anual de la recarga para el período de observación. La calibración del modelo de flujo regional se realizó utilizando conjuntamente observaciones de flujo y de carga hidráulica para dos condiciones de flujo en estado estacionario: natural (antes de comenzar el bombeo) y sometido a esfuerzo (bombeo). Las simulaciones mostraron que el agua bombeada proviene de tres fuentes: el caudal base interceptado (75% del caudal total anual de bombeo), captura de evapotranspiración del agua subterránea más el aumento en la recarga del agua subterránea (17%) e infiltración inducida de las corrientes (8%). Además, se analizaron los registros de precipitaciones plurianuales para detectar cualquier recarga a largo plazo y cambios en el balance de agua del bombeo. Los resultados mostraron que el aumento de la recarga de agua subterránea por la precipitación natural conduce a (1) la disminución del flujo base interceptado y de la infiltración inducida del flujo y (2) el aumento de la descarga de la evapotranspiración interceptada, lo que reduce el agotamiento de la corriente.
摘要
抽取地下水以及气候引起的补给变化导致地下水位降低及流域水平衡的重大变化、原先以蒸发蒸腾排泄的水可能成了抽水水源。忽视这个影响导致过高估计河流的消耗量。调查了北方气候条件下并具有地下水水头和河流流量长期记录(显示测量的河流河水消耗量少于抽水量)的一个小的河流流域(俄罗斯Sudogda河流域)。采用附STR 软件包的MODFLOW-2005通过水文地质模型分析了水平衡中的蒸发蒸腾作用。利用Surfbal 和 HYDRUS编码获取了每年的补给变化情况。根据地形和非饱和带结构级别对Sudogda河流域进行了分类,针对每一个分类带,采用非饱和带模拟计算了观测期每年的补给动力学状况。利用两个稳态水流条件-天然(抽水开始前)和受压力(抽水)的水流和水头观测结果对区域水流模型进行了校正。模拟结果显示,抽取的水来自三个水源:截获的基流(每年总抽水量的75%)、地下水蒸发蒸腾排泄捕获的水加上增加的地下水补给量(17)以及诱发的河流入渗量(8%)。此外,分析了多年降水记录以发现任何的长期补给和抽水水平衡变化。结果显示,天然降水造成的增加的地下水补给将会导致(1)截获的基流减少并引起河流水流入渗;(2)截获的蒸发蒸腾排泄量增加,从而引起河流河水的消耗。
Resumo
O bombeamento de água subterrânea e as mudanças na recarga induzidas pelo clima levam a níveis mais baixos de água subterrânea e mudanças significativas no balanço hídrico de uma bacia hidrográfica. A água previamente descarregada como evapotranspiração pode ser interpretada como uma fonte de bombeamento. Negligenciar este efeito leva a um rebaixamento superestimado do fluxo. Investigou-se uma pequena bacia hidrográfica (Bacia do Rio Sudogda, Rússia) com clima boreal e uma longa série histórica das taxas de vazão e do fluxo de águas subterrâneas disponíveis (mostrando que o rebaixamento do fluxo medido é menor que a taxa de bombeamento). O papel da evapotranspiração no balanço hídrico foi analisado por um modelo hidrogeológico utilizando MODFLOW-2005 com o pacote STR; a variação anual na recarga foi obtida com os códigos Surfbal e HYDRUS. A Bacia do Rio Sudogda foi classificada de acordo com a paisagem e as classes de textura da zona não saturada, sendo para cada zona classificada, a simulação do fluxo na zona não saturada foi utilizada para calcular a dinâmica anual de recarga para o período de observação. A calibração do modelo de fluxo regional foi realizada utilizando observações de fluxo e de carga hidráulica em conjunto para duas condições de fluxo em estado estacionário—natural (antes de iniciar o bombeamento) e sob estresse (bombeamento). As simulações mostraram que a água bombeada provém de três fontes: fluxo de base interceptada (75% da taxa anual total de bombeamento), captura de descarga de evapotranspiração subterrânea mais o acréscimo de recarga de águas subterrâneas (17%) e infiltração de fluxo induzido (8%). Além disso, valores de precipitação de vários anos foram analisados para detectar qualquer recarga a longo prazo e mudanças no saldo de água bombeada. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento da recarga das águas subterrâneas pela precipitação natural leva a (1) diminuição do escoamento de base interceptado e indução da infiltração da corrente e (2) aumento da descarga da evapotranspiração interceptada, reduzindo assim o rebaixamento do fluxo.
Аннотация
Понижение уровней за счет эксплуатации подземных вод, а также климатическая изменчивость инфильтрационного питания приводят к существенным изменениям водного баланса речных бассейнов. Сокращение эвапотранспирационной разгрузки подземных вод, вызванное снижением уровней грунтовых вод при эксплуатации, может играть существенную роль в балансе водоотбора, и недоучет эти процессов приводит к завышению прогнозных оценок воздействия эксплуатации на речной сток. На примере бассейна р. Судогда (Владимирская область, Россия), где имеются длительные наблюдения за уровнями подземных вод и речным стоком, показывающие, что сокращение речного стока меньше дебита эксплуатации, анализируется роль сокращения эвапотранспирационной разгрузки в формировании баланса дебита водоотбора. Исследования проводятся на геогидрологической модели, построенной с использованием программы MODFLOW-2005 с пакетом STR, моделирующим взаимодействие подземных и поверхностных вод. Процессы формирования инфильтрационного питания и эвапотранспирационной разгрузки подземных вод моделировались при помощи программ SurfBal и HYDRUS 1D. На основе районирования бассейна р. Судогда по условиям формирования водного баланса на поверхности земли и в зоне и аэрации проведено моделирование многолетней изменчивости формирования инфильтрационного питания и эвапотранспирационной разгрузки подземных вод. Совместная калибрация модели осуществлялась по данным наблюдений за речным стоком и уровнями подземных вод в естественных условиях и в период эксплуатации. Результаты моделирования показали, что 75% среднемноголетнего дебита водоотбора формируется за счет перехвата естественной разгрузки подземных вод в р. Судогда, 8%—за счет привлечения поверхностных вод р. Судогда, а 17%—обеспечивается сокращением эвапотранспирационной разгрузки подземных вод. Анализ годовой изменчивости баланса водоотбора, проведенный на основе многолетних метеорологических данных, показал, что увеличение инфильтрационного питания подземных вод, связанное с климатическими вариациями осадков, приводит к сокращению доли перехвата естественной разгрузки в р. Судогда и привлечения ее поверхностных вод в балансе водоотбора. При этом относительная роль перехвата эвапотранспирационной разгрузки подземных вод увеличивается, что приводит к уменьшению негативного воздействия водоотбора на сток р. Судогда.
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These investigations were supported by the Russian Science Foundation No. 16-17-10187.
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Grinevskiy, S., Filimonova, E., Sporyshev, V. et al. Evapotranspiration capture and stream depletion due to groundwater pumping under variable boreal climate conditions: Sudogda River Basin, Russia. Hydrogeol J 26, 2753–2767 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1831-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1831-1