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Land subsidence due to groundwater pumping and recharge: considering the particle-deposition effect in ground-source heat-pump engineering

Subsidence due au pompage et à la recharge des eaux souterraines: incidence de l’effet des dépôts de particules dans l’ingénierie des pompes à chaleur

Subsidencia del terreno debido al bombeo y recarga de agua subterránea: considerando el efecto de depositación de partículas en la ingeniería de bombas de calor de fuente terrestre

地下水抽采对地面沉降的影响:以考虑颗粒沉积效应的地下水源热泵工程为例

Subsidência da terreno devido ao bombeamento e recarga das águas subterrâneas: considerando o efeito de deposição de partículas na engenharia de bomba de calor terrestre

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Abstract

With the rapid development and use of ground-source heat-pump (GSHP) systems in China, it has become imperative to research the effects of associated long-term pumping and recharge processes on ground deformation. During groundwater GSHP operation, small particles can be transported and deposited, or they can become detached in the grain skeleton and undergo recombination, possibly causing a change in the ground structure and characteristics. This paper presents a mathematical ground-deformation model that considers particle transportation and deposition in porous media based on the geological characteristics of a dual-structure stratum in Wuhan, eastern China. Thermal effects were taken into consideration because the GSHP technology used involves a device that uses heat from a shallow layer of the ground. The results reveal that particle deposition during the long-term pumping and recharge process has had an impact on ground deformation that has significantly increased over time. In addition, there is a strong correlation between the deformation change (%) and the amount of particle deposition. The position of the maximum deformation change is also the location where most of the particles are deposited, with the deformation change being as high as 43.3%. The analyses also show that flow of groundwater can have an effect on the ground deformation process, but the effect is very weak.

Résumé

Avec le développement rapide et l’utilisation des systèmes de pompe à chaleur en Chine, il est devenu impératif de rechercher les effets associés au pompage de longue durée et à la recharge sur la déformation des terrains. Durant le pompage, de petites particules peuvent être transportées et déposées, ou ils peuvent se détacher en des squelettes de granules puis se recombiner, causant d’éventuelles modifications de la structure et des caractéristiques du sol. Cet article présente un modèle mathématique de déformation du sol considérant le transport de particules et leur dépôt dans un milieu poreux basé sur les caractéristiques géologiques d’une formation bicouches dans le Wuhan, Chine de l’Est. Les effets thermiques ont été pris en considération car la technologie de pompage utilisée met en jeu un dispositif utilisant la chaleur d’une couche peu profonde du sol. Les résultats révèlent que le dépôt de particules durant le pompage de longue durée et la recharge avaient eu un impact sur la déformation du sol qui a considérablement augmenté avec le temps. De plus, il y a une forte corrélation ente le changement de déformation (%) et la quantité de dépôt de particules. L’emplacement du changement de la déformation maximale est aussi la localisation où la plus grande partie des particules a été déposée, avec un changement de déformation atteignant 43.3%. Les analyses montrent aussi que l’écoulement d’eaux souterraines peut avoir un effet sur le processus de déformation du sol, mais l’effet est très faible.

Resumen

Con el rápido desarrollo y uso de los sistemas de bomba de calor de fuente terrestre (GSHP) en China, se ha vuelto imperativo investigar los efectos de los procesos asociados de bombeo y recarga a largo plazo en la deformación del terreno. Durante el funcionamiento de GSHP en agua subterránea, las partículas pequeñas pueden transportarse y depositarse, o pueden separarse en el esqueleto del grano y someterse a recombinación, posiblemente causando un cambio en la estructura y las características del terreno. Este artículo presenta un modelo matemático de deformación del terreno que considera el transporte y la deposición de partículas en medios porosos en función de las características geológicas de un estrato de doble estructura en Wuhan, este de China. Los efectos térmicos se tuvieron en cuenta debido a que la tecnología GSHP utilizada involucra un dispositivo que usa el calor de una capa somera del suelo. Los resultados revelan que la deposición de partículas durante el proceso de bombeo y recarga a largo plazo ha tenido un impacto en la deformación del terreno que se ha incrementado significativamente a lo largo del tiempo. Además, existe una fuerte correlación entre el cambio de deformación (%) y la cantidad de deposición de partículas. La posición del cambio máximo de deformación también es la ubicación donde se depositan la mayoría de las partículas, con un cambio de deformación tan alto como 43.3%. Los análisis también muestran que el flujo de agua subterránea puede tener un efecto en el proceso de deformación del terreno, pero el efecto es muy débil.

摘要

随着地下水源热泵工程在中国的快速发展和应用,研究地下水长期抽采对地面变形的影响已成为当务之急。在地下水源热泵工程运行时,地下水和地层中的细小颗粒会随着水流迁移和沉积,也会从砂层骨架表面脱离后重新分布,这些因素将可能引起地层结构和特性发生改变。本文基于中国武汉地区双层地层的地质特点,提出了一种考虑多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积效应的地层变形数学模型。由于地下水源热泵工程运行中与浅部地层进行热交换,因此该数学模型中考虑了温度效应。研究结果显示,地下水长期抽采中颗粒沉积过程对地面变形的影响将随着时间增加日益显著。另外,沉降变化率和颗粒沉积量呈现出强烈的相关性。最大沉降变化率的位置与颗粒最多沉积的位置相同,其沉降变化率可高达43.3%。另外,研究表明地下水横流对地层变形过程有一定的影响,但该影响非常小.

Resumo

Com o rápido desenvolvimento e uso de sistemas de bomba de calor de fonte terrestre (BCFT) na China, tornou-se imperativo pesquisar os efeitos dos processos associados de bombeamento e recarga em longo prazo na deformação no solo. Durante a operação de BCFT das águas subterrâneas, pequenas partículas podem ser transportadas e depositadas, ou podem se desprender do esqueleto de grãos e sofrer uma recombinação, possivelmente causando uma alteração na estrutura e características do solo. Este artigo apresenta um modelo matemático de deformação do terreno que considera o transporte de partículas e a deposição em meios porosos com base nas características geológicas de um estrato de estrutura dupla em Wuhan, no leste da China. Os efeitos térmicos foram levados em consideração porque a tecnologia de BCFT utilizada envolve um dispositivo que utiliza calor de uma camada rasa do terreno. Os resultados revelam que a deposição de partículas durante o processo de bombeamento e recarga em longo prazo tivera impacto na deformação do terreno que aumentou significativamente ao longo do tempo. Além disso, existe uma forte correlação entre a mudança de deformação (%) e a quantidade de deposição de partículas. A posição da mudança de deformação máxima é também o local onde a maioria das partículas está depositada, sendo a mudança de deformação tão alta quanto 43.3%. As análises também mostram que o fluxo de águas subterrâneas pode afetar o processo de deformação do terreno, mas o efeito é muito fraco.

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Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41702254, 51609127) and Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 2015CFB545, 2016CFB237).

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Correspondence to Xianze Cui.

Appendix 1: nomenclature

Appendix 1: nomenclature

Latin symbols:

c :

Kozeny constant

C :

Concentration of suspended particles

Ca, Cw, Cr:

Heat capacity of bulk porous medium, water and soil skeleton

C C :

Compression index

D :

Area of study

ES, ESi:

Compression modulus of phreatic layer and confined aquifer layer

g :

Acceleration of gravity

h :

Groundwater head of phreatic layer

H :

Groundwater head of confined aquifer layer

H 0 :

Initial groundwater head

H 1 :

Water head of confined aquifer after extraction

K :

Hydraulic conductivity of confined aquifer layer

K′:

Hydraulic conductivity of phreatic layer

m :

Thickness of phreatic layer

m i :

Thickness of each layer

M :

Thickness of confined aquifer layer

\( {M}_{{\mathrm{S}}_1},{M}_{{\mathrm{S}}_2} \) :

Empirical coefficient of settlement

n :

Porosity

n i :

Initial porosity

q :

Volume flux of source

s :

Specific surface area based on the solid volume

S :

Concentration of particles deposited in pores

S1, S2:

Deformations of phreatic layer and confined aquifer layer

S T :

Total deformation of ground

S nd :

Ground settlement which neglects particle deposition effect

S cd :

Ground settlement considering particle deposition effect

T :

Temperature of groundwater

T :

Temperature of source

v :

Flow rate of groundwater

vx, vy, vz:

Flow velocity in x, y, z directions

Greek symbols:

α :

Volume compression coefficient of porous medium

α 0 :

Thermal dispersity

β :

Volume compression coefficient of water

β T :

Thermal expansion coefficient of water

λ :

Thermodynamic dispersion coefficient

λ D :

Thermal mechanical dispersion coefficient

λ T :

Heat conductivity of bulk porous media

λw, λr:

Heat conduction coefficient of water and soil skeleton

μ′:

Specific yield of phreatic layer

μ :

Storage coefficient of confined aquifer layer

μ s :

Specific storage

ρ s :

Density of suspended particles

ρ w :

Density of water

σ′:

Effective stress

ΔσSi:

Effective stress increment of each layer

w :

Leakage recharge

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Cui, X., Liu, Q., Zhang, C. et al. Land subsidence due to groundwater pumping and recharge: considering the particle-deposition effect in ground-source heat-pump engineering. Hydrogeol J 26, 789–802 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1723-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1723-4

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