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Comparison of specific-yield estimates for calculating evapotranspiration from diurnal groundwater-level fluctuations

Comparaison de valeurs estimées de porosité efficace pour calculer l’évapo-transpiration à partir de fluctuations piézométriques diurnes

Comparación de estimaciones de rendimiento específico para calcular la evapotranspiración a partir de las fluctuaciones diurnas del nivel del agua subterránea

对单位出水量估算值进行对比,进而根据白天地下水位波动计算蒸发蒸腾量

Comparação de estimativas de rendimento especifico para o cálculo da evapotranspiração a partir de flutuações diurnas do nível da água subterrânea

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Abstract

Methods that use diurnal groundwater-level fluctuations are commonly used for shallow water-table environments to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) and recharge. The key element needed to obtain reliable estimates is the specific yield (Sy), a soil-water storage parameter that depends on unsaturated soil-moisture and water-table fluxes, among others. Soil-moisture profile measurement down to the water table, along with water-table-depth measurements, can provide a good opportunity to calculate Sy values even on a sub-daily scale. These values were compared with Sy estimates derived by traditional techniques, and it was found that slug-test-based Sy values gave the most similar results in a sandy soil environment. Therefore, slug-test methods, which are relatively cheap and require little time, were most suited to estimate Sy using diurnal fluctuations. The reason for this is that the timeframe of the slug-test measurement is very similar to the dynamic of the diurnal signal. The dynamic characteristic of Sy was also analyzed on a sub-daily scale (depending mostly on the speed of drainage from the soil profile) and a remarkable difference was found in Sy with respect to the rate of change of the water table. When comparing constant and sub-daily (dynamic) Sy values for ET estimation, the sub-daily Sy application yielded higher correlation, but only a slightly smaller deviation from the control ET method, compared with the usage of constant Sy.

Résumé

Les méthodes qui utilisent les fluctuations piézométriques diurnes sont généralement utilisées en contexte de nappe peu profonde pour estimer l’évapo-transpiration (ETP) et la recharge. L’élément-clé nécessaire pour obtenir des estimations fiables est. la porosité efficace (Pe), un paramètre de stockage de l’eau du sol qui dépend de la teneur en eau de la zone non saturée du sol et des fluctuations du niveau de la nappe, entre autres. Les mesures en profil vertical de la teneur en eau du sol jusqu’au niveau piézométrique, conjointement à des mesures piézométriques, peuvent constituer un bon moyen de calculer les valeurs de Pe, même à un pas de temps quasi-journalier. Ces valeurs ont été comparées avec des valeurs estimées de Pe issues de techniques classiques, et il s’est. avéré que les valeurs de Pe issues d’essais par injection instantanée (slug-tests) ont donné des résultats assez similaires en contexte de sols sableux. Par conséquent, les méthodes de slug-test, qui sont peu coûteuses et peu chronophages, ont été les plus adaptées pour estimer Pe avec des méthodes utilisant les fluctuations diurnes. L’explication vient du délai de réalisation du slug-test qui est. très proche de la dynamique du signal diurne. La composante dynamique de Pe a aussi été analysée à un pas de temps quasi-journalier (dépendant essentiellement de la vitesse de drainage à travers le profil du sol) et une différence remarquable a été identifiée pour Pe en fonction du taux de variation du niveau piézométrique. En comparant les valeurs constantes et quasi-journalières (dynamiques) de Pe pour estimer l’ETP, l’utilization de valeurs quasi-journalières de Pe permet une meilleure corrélation, en comparaison de l’usage de Pe constantes, et seulement une légère déviation par rapport à la méthode ETP de contrôle.

Resumen

Los métodos que usan las fluctuaciones diurnas para estimar la evapotranspiración (ET) y la recarga se emplean comúnmente en ambientes con el nivel freático somero. El elemento clave que se necesita para obtener estimaciones confiables es el rendimiento específico (Sy), un parámetro de almacenamiento de agua y suelo que depende del flujo no saturado de humedad en el suelo y en la capa freática, entre otros. La medición del perfil de humedad del suelo hasta la capa freática, junto con las mediciones de profundidad del nivel freático, puede proporcionar una buena oportunidad para calcular los valores de Sy incluso en una escala sub-diaria. Estos valores se compararon con estimaciones de Sy derivadas por técnicas tradicionales, y se encontró que los valores de Sy basados ​​en ensayos “slug” dieron los resultados más similares en un ambiente de suelo arenoso. Por lo tanto, los métodos de ensayos “slug”, que son relativamente económicos y requieren poco tiempo, fueron los más adecuados para calcular Sy mediante el uso de las fluctuaciones diurnas. La razón de esto es que el marco temporal de la medición de los ensayos “slug” es muy similar a la dinámica de la señal diurna. La característica dinámica de Sy también se analizó en una escala sub-diaria (dependiendo principalmente de la velocidad de drenaje del perfil del suelo) y se encontró una diferencia notable en Sy con respecto a la tasa de cambio de la capa freática. Al comparar los valores de Sy constantes y sub-diarios (dinámicos) para la estimación de ET, la aplicación sub-diaria de Sy arrojó una correlación más alta, pero solo una desviación ligeramente más pequeña del método ET de control, en comparación con el uso de Sy constante.

摘要

利用日间地下水位波动的方法通常用于浅层水位环境中估算蒸发蒸腾量和补给量。需要获取可靠估算值的关键要素是众多要素中的单位出水量、依赖于非饱和土壤水和水位通量的土壤水储量参数。土壤水剖面抵达水位的测量结果,加上水位深度测量结果甚至可为计算日以下尺度的单位出水量提供很好的机会。这些值与根据传统技术得出的单位出水量估算值进行了对比,发现基于微水试验的单位出水量值在砂质土壤环境中给出了最相似的结果。因此,相对费用不高、需要很少时间的微水试验最适合采用日间波动的方法估算单位出水量。理由就是微水试验测量的时间框架与日间信号的动态非常相似。还分析了日以下尺度的单位出水量的动态特征(主要取决于土壤剖面的排水速度),发现单位出水量与水位变化率相比有很大差别。通过比较用于蒸发蒸腾估算的常数和日以下(动态)单位出水量值,采用日以下单位出水量可以出现较高的相关性,与采用恒定单位出水量相比,控制蒸发蒸腾量方法有稍微小的误差。

Resumo

Métodos que utilizam as flutuações diurnas no nível das águas subterrâneas são comumente usados em ambientes com lençol freático raso para estimar a evapotranspiração (ET) e recarga. O elemento chave necessário para obter estimativas confiáveis é o rendimento especifico (Sy), um parâmetro de armazenamento de água no solo que depende da umidade do solo não saturado e fluxos do lençol freático, dentre outros. A medição do perfil de umidade do solo até o lençol freático, juntamente com medições da profundidade do nível freático, pode fornecem uma boa oportunidade para calcular os valores de Sy mesmo em uma escala sub-diária. Esses valores foram comparados com estimativas de Sy derivadas de técnicas tradicionais, e verificou-se que os valores de Sy baseado em slug-test deram os resultados mais semelhantes em um ambiente de solo arenoso. Assim sendo, métodos de slug-test, que são relativamente baratos e requerem pouco tempo, foram mais adequados para estimar o Sy utilizando flutuações diurnas. A razão para isso é que o prazo do slug-test é muito similar à dinâmica do sinal diurno. As características dinâmicas do Sy também foram analisadas em uma escala sub-diária (dependendo principalmente da velocidade de drenagem do perfil do solo) e uma diferença notável foi encontrada em Sy com relação a taxa de variação do lençol freático. Ao comparar valores de Sy constantes e sub-diários (dinâmicos) para estimativa da ET, a aplicação de Sy sub-diário rendeu uma maior correlação, mas apenas um desvio ligeiramente menor do método de controle da ET, comparado ao uso de Sy constante.

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Acknowledgements

This research has been supported by the “Agroclimate 2 (VKSZ_12-1-2013-00-34)” and the EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00018 projects. The research of Zoltán Gribovszki was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, and co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 ‘National Excellence Program’.

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Gribovszki, Z. Comparison of specific-yield estimates for calculating evapotranspiration from diurnal groundwater-level fluctuations. Hydrogeol J 26, 869–880 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1687-9

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