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Unit-bar migration and bar-trough deposition: impacts on hydraulic conductivity and grain size heterogeneity in a sandy streambed

Migration de barre unitaire et dépôt de creux de barres: impacts sur la conductivité hydraulique et l’hétérogénéité granulométrique dans un lit sableux de rivière

Migración de una unidad de banco y depositación en el canal del banco: impactos en la conductividad hidráulica y la heterogeneidad del tamaño del grano en un lecho de río arenoso

单元沙洲迁移及沙洲槽沉积: 对砂质河床水力传导率和粒径异质性的影响

Migração de barra unitária e deposição através da barra: impactos na condutividade hidráulica e heterogeneidade no tamanho de partículas em um leito de rio arenoso

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Abstract

The hydrologic function of riverbeds is greatly dependent upon the spatiotemporal distribution of hydraulic conductivity and grain size. Vertical hydraulic conductivity (K v) is highly variable in space and time, and controls the rate of stream–aquifer interaction. Links between sedimentary processes, deposits, and K v heterogeneity have not been well established from field studies. Unit bars are building blocks of fluvial deposits and are key to understanding controls on heterogeneity. This study links unit bar migration to K v and grain size variability in a sand-dominated, low-sinuosity stream in Nebraska (USA) during a single 10-day hydrologic event. An incipient bar formed parallel to the thalweg and was highly permeable and homogenous. During high flow, this bar was submerged under 10–20 cm of water and migrated ~ 100 m downstream and toward the channel margin, where it became markedly heterogeneous. Low-K v zones formed in the subsequent heterogeneous bar downstream of the original 15–40-cm-thick bar front and past abandoned bridge pilings. These low-K v zones correspond to a discontinuous 1-cm layer of fine sand and silt deposited in the bar trough. Findings show that K v heterogeneity relates chiefly to the deposition of suspended materials in low-velocity zones downstream of the bar and obstructions, and to their subsequent burial by migration of the bar during high flow. Deposition of the unit bar itself, although it emplaced the vast majority of the sediment volume, was secondary to bar-trough deposition as a control on the overall pattern of heterogeneity.

Résumé

La fonction hydrologique des lits de rivière dépend grandement de la distribution spatiotemporelle de la conductivité hydraulique et de la granulométrie. La conductivité hydraulique verticale (K v) est. hautement variable dans l’espace et le temps, et contrôle le taux d’interaction entre cours d’eau et aquifère. Les relations entre les processus sédimentaires, les dépôts, et l’hétérogénéité de K v n’ont pas été bien établies à partir des études de terrain. Les barres unitaires sont des blocs constitués de dépôts fluviaux et sont essentielles pour comprendre les contrôles sur l’hétérogénéité. Cette étude établit un lien entre la migration des barres unitaires à K v et à la variabilité de la granulométrie dans un cours d’eau dominé par le sable et à faible sinuosité dans le Nebraska (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) au cours d’un événement hydrologique unique de 10 jours. Une barre en cours de formation parallèle au thalweg est. hautement perméable et homogène. Au cours de la période de hautes eaux, cette barre a été submergée sous 10–20 cm d’eau et a migré ~ 100 m en aval et vers le bord du canal, où elle est. devenue nettement hétérogène. Des zones de faibles K v se sont formées au sein de la barre suivante hétérogène située en aval du front de la barre initiale de 15–40 cm d’épaisseur et de piles de ponts abandonnées. Ces zones de faible K v correspondent à un niveau discontinue d’1 cm de sable fin et de limon déposés au creux de la barre. Les résultats montrent que l’hétérogénéité de K v se rapportent principalement au dépôts de matières en suspension dans des zones à faible vitesses en aval de la barre et obstructions, et ensuite à leur enfouissement par migration de la barre au cours des périodes de hautes eaux. Le dépôt de la barre elle-même, bien qu’il concerne la grande majorité du volume de sable, est. secondaire par rapport au dépôt des creux de barre, contrôlant le modèle global d’hétérogénéité.

Resumen

La función hidrológica de los lechos de los ríos depende en gran medida de la distribución espaciotemporal de la conductividad hidráulica y del tamaño de los granos. La conductividad hidráulica vertical (K v) es muy variable en el espacio y el tiempo, y controla el ritmo de interacción corriente-acuífero. Los enlaces entre procesos sedimentarios, depósitos y heterogeneidad de K v no han sido bien establecidos a partir de estudios de campo. Los bancos unitarios son bloques de construcción de depósitos fluviales y son claves para entender los controles sobre la heterogeneidad. Este estudio relaciona la migración de los bancos unitarios con K v y con la variabilidad del tamaño de grano en una corriente dominada por la arena y baja sinuosidad en Nebraska (USA) durante un solo evento hidrológico de 10 días. Un banco incipiente se formó paralelo al thalweg y fue altamente permeable y homogéneo. Durante el flujo alto, este banco fue sumergido bajo 10–20 cm de agua y migró ~ 100 m aguas abajo y hacia el margen del canal, donde se hizo marcadamente heterogéneo. Las zonas de bajo K v se formaron en el siguiente banco heterogéneo aguas abajo del frente del banco original de 15–40 cm de espesor y pasadas las pilas de un puente abandonado. Estas zonas de bajo K v corresponden a una capa discontinua de 1 cm de arena fina y sedimento depositado en el canal. Los hallazgos muestran que la heterogeneidad de K v se relaciona principalmente con la deposición de materiales suspendidos en zonas de baja velocidad y obstrucciones aguas abajo del banco, y su subsecuente enterramiento por migración de la banco durante un flujo alto. La deposición del banco unitario en sí mismo, aunque colocó la gran mayoría del volumen de sedimento, fue secundaria a la deposición de bancos como control sobre el patrón general de heterogeneidad.

摘要

河床的水文功能很大程度上取决于水力传导率和粒径的时空分布。垂直水力传导率(K v)空间和时间上变化很大,控制着河流含水层相互作用的速度。野外研究并没有建立好沉积过程、沉积物和K v之间的联系。单元沙洲是河流沉积物的建筑块体,是了解对异质性控制的关键。本研究在单一的10天水文事件期间把(美国)一个砂主导的、低弯曲度的河流中单元沙洲与K v和粒径联系在一起。一个初期的沙洲形成平行于谷底线,具有高度透水性和异质性。在水流大的时候,本沙洲沉没于水下10–20米,向下游移动大约100米,并朝向河渠边缘移动,河渠边缘也变得具有高度异质性。在原来15–40 厘米厚的沙洲前锋随后异质性沙洲下游及过去废弃的桥墩形成低K v带。这些低K v带与沙洲槽沉积的不连续的1厘米厚的细沙和粉砂层一致。这些发现显示K v异质性主要与沙洲和阻碍物下游低速度带的悬浮物质的沉积相关,也与大水流期间沙洲迁移导致的随后埋深相关。尽管单元沙洲承载了绝大部分沉积量,但单元沙洲沉积本身在控制整个异质性模式上与沙洲槽相比处于次要地位。

Resumo

A função hidrológica de leitos fluviais é altamente dependente da distribuição espaço-temporal da condutividade hidráulica e do tamanho de partículas. A condutividade hidráulica vertical (K v) é altamente variável no espaço e no tempo, e controla a taxa de interação rio-aquífero. Conexões entre processos de sedimentação, deposição, e heterogeneidade da K v não tem sido bem estabelecidas a partir de estudos de campo. Barras unitárias são blocos desenvolvidos de depósitos fluviais e são chave para o entendimento do controle da heterogeneidade. Esse estudo conecta a migração de barras unitárias a K v e variabilidade do tamanho de partículas em um curso d’água predominantemente arenoso, de baixa sinuosidade em Nebraska (EUA) durante um único evento hidrológico de 10 dias. Uma barra incipiente formou-se em paralelo ao talveg e permaneceu altamente permeável e homogênea. Durante alto fluxo, essa barra foi submergida sob 10–20 cm de água e migrou ~ 100 m rio abaixo e em na direção da margem do canal, onde tornou-se substancialmente heterogênea. Zonas de baixa K v formaram-se na barra heterogênea subsequente a jusante do front da barra espessa original de 15–40-cm e antigas estacas de ponte abandonada. Essas zonas de baixa K v correspondem a uma camada de 1 cm descontínua de areia fina e silte depositados no canal da barra. As conclusões mostram que a heterogeneidade da K v se relaciona principalmente com a deposição de materiais em suspensão em zonas de baixa velocidade a jusante da barra e obstruções, e ao subsequente enterro por migração da barra durante o alto fluxo. A deposição da própria barra unitária, embora colocasse a grande maioria do volume do sedimento, era secundária à deposição da barra como controle sobre o padrão geral de heterogeneidade.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Griffin Nuzzo and Alexandra Hruby for their assistance in the field. Early ideas for this study were inspired from collaboration with the late Xun-Hong Chen. Funding for field assistance was provided by the Agricultural Research Division and the UCARE undergraduate research programs at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

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Korus, J.T., Gilmore, T.E., Waszgis, M.M. et al. Unit-bar migration and bar-trough deposition: impacts on hydraulic conductivity and grain size heterogeneity in a sandy streambed. Hydrogeol J 26, 553–564 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1661-6

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