Abstract
Groundwater ecosystems comprising micro-organisms and metazoans provide an important contribution to global biodiversity. Their complexity depends on geology, which determines the physical habitat available, and the chemical conditions within it. Despite this, methods of classifying groundwater habitats using geological data are not well established and researchers have called for higher resolution habitat frameworks. A novel habitat typology for England and Wales (UK) is proposed, which distinguishes 11 geological habitats (geo-habitats) on hydrogeological principles and maps their distribution. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical data are used to determine the characteristics of each geo-habitat, and demonstrate their differences. Using these abiotic parameters, a new method to determine abiotic habitat quality is then developed. The geo-habitats had significantly different characteristics, validating the classification system. All geo-habitats were highly heterogeneous, containing both high quality habitat patches that are likely to be suitable for fauna, and areas of low quality that may limit faunal distributions. Karstic and porous habitats generally were higher quality than fractured habitats. Overall, 70% of England and Wales are covered by lower quality fractured habitats, with only 13% covered by higher quality habitats. The main areas of high quality habitats occur in central England as north–south trending belts, possibly facilitating dispersal along this axis. They are separated by low quality geo-habitats that may prevent east-west dispersal of fauna. In south-west England and Wales suitable geo-habitats occur as small isolated patches. Overall, this paper provides a new national-scale typology that is adaptable for studies in other geographic areas.
Résumé
Les écosystèmes des eaux souterraines comportant des micro-organismes et des métazoaires contribuent fortement à la biodiversité globale. Leur complexité dépend de la géologie, qui détermine l’habitat physique disponible et son état chimique. Malgré cela, les méthodes de classification des habitats des eaux souterraines à l’aide de données géologiques ne sont pas bien établies et les chercheurs appellent à des cadres pour une détermination de plus haute résolution des habitats. Une typologie innovante pour l’Angleterre et le Pays de Galles (Royaume-Unis) est proposée, distinguant 11 habitats géologiques (géo-habitats) basés sur des principes hydrogéologiques. La distribution de ces habitats est également cartographiée. Des données hydrogéologiques et hydrochimiques sont utilisées pour déterminer les caractéristiques de chacun des géo-habitats, et démontrer les différences entre habitats. En utilisant ces paramètres abiotiques, une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer la qualité abiotique de l’habitat a ainsi été développée. Les géo-habitats ont des caractéristiques suffisamment différentes pour permettre la validation du système de classification. Tous les géo-habitats sont fortement hétérogènes, contenant à la fois des îlots d’habitats de très bonne qualité pour la faune et des secteurs de faible qualité pouvant limiter le développement de la faune. Les habitats karstiques et poreux sont généralement de meilleure qualité que les habitats fracturés. En tout, 70% de l’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles sont couverts par des habitats fracturés de faible qualité, avec seulement 13% couverts par des habitats de haute qualité. Les principaux secteurs d’habitats de haute qualité se situent au centre de l’Angleterre s’étendant du nord au sud, facilitant sans doute une certaine dispersion le long de cet axe. Ces secteurs sont séparés par des géo-habitats de faible qualité qui limitent sans doute la dispersion de la faune selon un axe est-ouest. Au sud-ouest de l’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles les géo-habitat adéquats se retrouvent en petits îlots isolés. D’une manière générale, ce papier propose une nouvelle typologie à l’échelle nationale qui peut être adaptée à des études dans d’autres secteurs géographiques.
Resumen
Los ecosistemas de aguas subterráneas que comprenden microorganismos y metazoos proporcionan una contribución importante a la biodiversidad global. Su complejidad depende de la geología, que determina el hábitat físico disponible, y las condiciones químicas dentro de él. A pesar de ello, los métodos de clasificación de los hábitats de aguas subterráneas utilizando datos geológicos no están bien establecidos y los investigadores han demandado marcos de hábitat de mayor resolución. Se propone una nueva tipología de hábitat para Inglaterra y Gales (Reino Unido), que distingue 11 hábitats geológicos (geo-hábitats) sobre los principios hidrogeológicos y se mapea su distribución. Se utilizan datos hidrogeológicos e hidroquímicos para determinar las características de cada geo-hábitat y demostrar sus diferencias. Utilizando estos parámetros abióticos, se desarrolla un nuevo método para determinar la calidad del hábitat abiótico. Los geo-hábitats tenían características significativamente diferentes, validando el sistema de clasificación. Todos los geo-hábitats eran altamente heterogéneos, conteniendo tanto áreas de hábitat de alta calidad que probablemente sean adecuados para la fauna, como áreas de baja calidad que pueden limitar las distribuciones faunísticas. Los hábitats cársticos y porosos generalmente eran de mayor calidad que los hábitats fracturados. En general, el 70% de Inglaterra y Gales están cubiertos por hábitats fracturados de menor calidad, con sólo el 13% cubierto por hábitats de mayor calidad. Las principales áreas de hábitat de alta calidad se producen en el centro de Inglaterra como fajas de tendencia norte-sur, lo que posiblemente facilita la dispersión a lo largo de este eje. Están separados por geo-hábitats de baja calidad que pueden impedir la dispersión este-oeste de la fauna. En el suroeste de Inglaterra y Gales, los geo-hábitats adecuados se presentan como pequeñas áreas aisladas. En general, este documento proporciona una nueva tipología a escala nacional que es adaptable para estudios en otras áreas geográficas.
摘要
包含微生物和后生动物的地下水生态系统为全球的生物多样性做出了重要的贡献。其复杂性取决于地质状况,因为地质状况决定现有的栖息地以及栖息地内的化学条件。尽管如此,利用地质数据对地下水栖息地的方法还没有建立,研究人员需要更高分辨率的栖息地框架。这里提出了(英国)英格兰和威尔士一种新的栖息地类型学,这种类型学根据水文地质原则区分出11个地质上的栖息地(地质栖息地)及绘制出其分布图。利用水文地质和水化学数据确定每一个地质栖息地的特征,论证其差异。利用这些非生物参数,提出了一种新的确定非生物栖息地品质的方法。地质栖息地具有显著不同的特征,验证了分类系统。所有的地质栖息地高度异质,包含很可能适宜动物种群的高品质的栖息地地块以及可能限制动物种群分布的低品质区域。岩溶和多孔渗水的栖息地通常比断裂的栖息地品质要高。总的来说,70%的英格兰和威尔士被低品质断裂的栖息地所覆盖,只有13%的面积被高品质的栖息地所覆盖。高品质栖息地的主要区域位于英格兰中部,呈北-南走向带,可能促进沿这个轴散布。这些区域被可能阻止东-西向动物群分布的低品质地质栖息地所分隔。在英格兰和威尔士西南地区,有适宜的地质栖息地,以小的岛状地块分布。总的来说,本文提供了一种新的全国尺度的类型学,这种类型学也适合在其它地理区的研究。
Resumo
Ecossistemas em águas subterrâneas incluindo microrganismos e metazoários fornecem uma importante contribuição para a biodiversidade global. Sua complexidade depende da geologia, que determina o habitat físico disponível, e as condições químicas dentro dele. Apesar disso, métodos para classificação de habitats em águas subterrâneas usando dados geológicos não são bem estabelecidos e pesquisadores tem requerido por arcabouços para habitats de maior resolução. Uma nova tipologia de habitat para Inglaterra e País de Gales (Reino Unido) é proposta, que distingue 11 habitats geológicos (geohabitats) em princípios hidrogeológicos e mapeia sua distribuição. Os dados hidrogeológicos e hidroquímicos são usados para determinar as características de cada geohabitat e demonstrar suas diferenças. Usando esses parâmetros abióticos, um novo método para determinar a qualidade do habitat abiótico é então desenvolvido. Os geohabitats apresentaram características significativamente diferentes, validando o sistema de classificação. Todos os geohabitats foram altamente heterogêneos, contendo os dois fragmentos de habitat de alta qualidade que provavelmente serão adequados para a fauna e áreas de baixa qualidade que podem limitar as distribuições faunísticas. Os habitats cársticos e porosos geralmente eram de maior qualidade do que os habitats fraturados. No geral, 70% da Inglaterra e do País de Gales são cobertos por habitats fraturados de menor qualidade, com apenas 13% cobertos por habitats de maior qualidade. As principais áreas de habitats de alta qualidade ocorrem no centro da Inglaterra como cinturões de tendência norte-sul, possivelmente facilitando a dispersão ao longo deste eixo. Eles são separados por geohabitats de baixa qualidade que podem impedir a dispersão leste-oeste da fauna. No sudoeste da Inglaterra e do País de Gales, os geohabitats adequados ocorrem como pequenos fragmentos isolados. Em geral, este artigo fornece uma nova tipologia de escala nacional adaptável para estudos em outras áreas geográficas.
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Acknowledgements
Damiano Weitowitz was supported by a joint studentship of the National Environment Research Council (NERC) and the University of Roehampton, London. The authors wish to thank the Environment Agency (EA) and the British Geological Survey (BGS) for the provision of hydrogeological and hydrochemical data. This paper is published with the permission of the Director of the British Geological Survey.
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Weitowitz, D.C., Maurice, L., Lewis, M. et al. Defining geo-habitats for groundwater ecosystem assessments: an example from England and Wales (UK). Hydrogeol J 25, 2453–2466 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1629-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1629-6