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Investigating spatial variability of vertical water fluxes through the streambed in distinctive stream morphologies using temperature and head data

Etude de la variabilité spatiale des flux verticaux d’eau à travers le lit d’une rivière, pour différentes morphologies de cours d’eau, en utilisant les données de température et de charge hydraulique

Investigación de la variabilidad espacial de los flujos verticales de agua a través de un lecho en morfologías características de una corriente usando datos de temperatura y de carga hidráulica

基于温度和水头法测试分析不同河流地貌河床垂直渗流量空间变化特性

Investigando a variabilidade espacial dos fluxos de água verticais através do leito de rio em morfologias de correntes distintas utilizando dados de temperatura e carga hidráulica

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Abstract

Investigating the interaction of groundwater and surface water is key to understanding the hyporheic processes. The vertical water fluxes through a streambed were determined using Darcian flux calculations and vertical sediment temperature profiles to assess the pattern and magnitude of groundwater/surface-water interaction in Beiluo River, China. Field measurements were taken in January 2015 at three different stream morphologies including a meander bend, an anabranching channel and a straight stream channel. Despite the differences of flux direction and magnitude, flux directions based on vertical temperature profiles are in good agreement with results from Darcian flux calculations at the anabranching channel, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests show no significant differences between the estimated upward fluxes based on the two methods at each site. Also, the upward fluxes based on the two methods show similar spatial distributions on the streambed, indicating (1) that higher water fluxes at the meander bend occur from the center of the channel towards the erosional bank, (2) that water fluxes at the anabranching channel are higher near the erosional bank and in the center of the channel, and (3) that in the straight channel, higher water fluxes appear from the center of the channel towards the depositional bank. It is noted that higher fluxes generally occur at certain locations with higher streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K v) or where a higher vertical hydraulic gradient is observed. Moreover, differences of grain size, induced by stream morphology and contrasting erosional and depositional conditions, have significant effects on streambed K v and water fluxes.

Résumé

L’étude des relations nappe-rivière est la clé de compréhension des processus de la zone hyporhéique. Les flux verticaux d’eau à travers le lit d’un cours d’eau sont déterminés en utilisant les lois d’écoulement de Darcy et les profils verticaux de température dans les sédiments, pour évaluer les modalités et l’importance des relations nappe-rivière pour la rivière Beiluo, en Chine. Des mesures de terrain ont été réalisées en janvier 2015 pour trois sites avec une morphologie différente comprenant un méandre en coude, un chenal anastomosé, et un chenal rectiligne. Malgré les différences en termes de direction et d’importance des flux, les directions des flux basées sur les profils verticaux de température sont cohérentes avec les résultats des calculs basés sur la loi de Darcy pour le chenal anastomosé, et les tests de Kruskal-Wallis ne montrent pas de différences significatives entre les flux ascendants estimés, basés sur les deux méthodes, pour chaque site. Par ailleurs, les flux ascendants basés sur les deux méthodes montrent des distributions spatiales similaires dans le lit de la rivière, indiquant (1) que des flux d’eau plus importants se produisent pour le méandre en coude, entre le centre du chenal et la rive soumise à l’érosion, (2) que les flux d’eau sont plus importants pour le chenal anastomosé, près de la rive soumise à l’érosion et au centre du chenal, et (3) que pour le chenal rectiligne, des flux d’eau plus importants apparaissent entre le centre du chenal et la rive soumise aux dépôts. Il est noté que les flux les plus importants apparaissent généralement dans certaines zones où la conductivité hydraulique verticale (K v) du lit de la rivière est plus élevée, ou pour les zones où un gradient hydraulique vertical plus élevé est observé. De plus, des différences de granulométrie, liées à la morphologie du cours d’eau et aux conditions contrastées d’érosion et de dépôt, ont des effets significatifs sur le K v du lit du cours d’eau et sur les flux d’eau.

Resumen

Investigar la interacción del agua subterránea y el agua superficial es clave para comprender los procesos hiporreicos. Los flujos verticales de agua a través del lecho se determinaron usando cálculos de flujos darcianos y perfiles verticales de temperatura de sedimentos para evaluar el patrón y la magnitud de la interacción agua subterránea / agua de superficie en el río Beiluo, China. Las mediciones de campo se realizaron en enero de 2015 en tres morfologías con diferentes flujos, incluyendo una curva de meandro, un canal entrelazado y un canal recto. A pesar de las diferencias de dirección y magnitud del flujo, las direcciones de flujo basadas en perfiles de temperatura verticales están en una buena concordancia con los resultados de los cálculos de flujo darciano en el canal entrelazado y los ensayos de Kruskal-Wallis no muestran diferencias significativas entre la estimación de los flujos ascendentes en base a los dos métodos en cada sitio. Además, los flujos ascendentes basados en los dos métodos muestran distribuciones espaciales similares en el lecho del río, lo que indica (1) que los flujos de agua más altos en la curva del meandro ocurren desde el centro del canal hacia el banco erosivo, (2) que los flujos de agua en el canal entrelazado son más altos cerca del banco erosivo y en el centro del canal y (3) que en el canal recto, los flujos de agua más altos aparecen desde el centro del canal hacia el banco de sedimentación. Se observa que los flujos más altos generalmente ocurren en ciertos lugares con mayor conductividad hidráulica vertical (K v) del lecho o donde se observa un gradiente hidráulico vertical más alto. Además, las diferencias en el tamaño de los granos, inducidas por la morfología del curso y las condiciones contrastantes de erosión y sedimentación, tienen efectos significativos en el lecho K v y en los flujos de agua.

摘要

调查研究地下水和地表水之间的相互作用是深入理解潜流带过程的关键。于2015年1月,以中国北洛河三个不同河流地貌类型(弯曲河道、分叉河道和直河道)为研究对象,在河床上,采用竖管水头下降法对沉积物垂直渗透系数与垂直水力梯度进行原位测试,并通过达西定律计算河床垂直渗流量。同时,在渗透系数测试点位附近,采用不同深度温度同步测定技术,进行潜流带沉积物不同深度的温度原位测定,并基于一维稳态垂直热扩散对流方程计算河床垂直渗流量。通过以上两种方法研究北洛河地下水-地表水相互作用的补给方式和大小。结果表明:两种方法在垂直渗流量方向和大小的测试结果上存在不一致,但在分叉河道渗流量的方向较为一致,而且Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验表明在三种类型河道两种方法计算的上升流没有显著差异,也有相似的空间分布特征:在弯曲河道中间靠近侵蚀岸,渗流量较大;在分叉河道,靠近侵蚀岸和河道中间的渗流量较大;在直河道中间靠近沉积岸,渗流量较大。在每一类型的河道,渗流量较大的测试点位有较大的河床垂直渗透系数或垂直水力梯度。侵蚀沉积过程导致河道的侵蚀岸和沉积岸的沉积物具有不同的颗粒组成,进而影响河床垂直渗透系数和渗流量的变化。

Resumo

A investigação da interação entre águas subterrâneas e superficiais é chave para entender processos hiporreicos. Os fluxos de água verticais através do leito do rio foram determinados utilizando cálculos de fluxo Darcyano e perfis verticais da temperatura dos sedimentos para avaliar o padrão e magnitude da interação das águas subterrâneas/superficiais no Rio Beiluo, China. Medidas de campo foram obtidas em Janeiro de 2015 em três morfologias de corrente diferentes incluindo a curva do meandro, um canal anastamosado e um canal retilíneo. Apesar das diferenças de direção e magnitude de fluxo, direções de fluxo baseadas nos perfis de temperatura verticais têm boa concordância com os resultados dos cálculos de fluxo Darcyano no canal anastamosado, e os testes de Kruskalo-Wallis não demonstram diferenças significativas entre os fluxos ascendentes estimados nos dois métodos em cada local. Além disso, os fluxos ascendentes baseados nos dois métodos demonstram distribuição espacial similar no leito do rio, indicando (1) que os fluxos de água mais elevados nas curvas dos meandros ocorrem do centro do canal em direção ao banco erosivo, (2) que os fluxos de água no canal anastamosado são maiores próximos ao banco erosivo e no centro do canal, e (3) que no canal retilíneo, fluxos de água mais elevados aparecem no centro do canal em direção ao banco deposicional. É notável que os fluxos mais elevados geralmente ocorrem em certas localidades com condutividade hidráulica (K v) vertical no leito mais elevada ou onde um gradiente hidráulico mais elevado é observado. Além do mais, diferenças no tamanho da partícula, induzido pela morfologia da corrente e contrastando as condições erosivas e deposicionais, tem efeitos significantes na K v do leito do rio e nos fluxos de água.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 51379175 51679200 and 51308457), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (grant No. 20136101110001), Program for Key Science and Technology Innovation Team in Shaanxi Province (grant No. 2014KCT-27), The Hundred Talents Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant No. A315021406). We are especially grateful to the associate editor and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions, which improved the quality of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710027, China

    Liping Wang, Jinxi Song, Xinyi Dou, Shaofeng Xu, Guotao Zhang, Ming Wen, Yongqing Long & Qi Li

  2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Weiwei Jiang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling, 712100, China

    Jinxi Song

  4. Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing, 401147, China

    Hongtao Guo

Authors
  1. Liping Wang
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  2. Weiwei Jiang
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  3. Jinxi Song
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  4. Xinyi Dou
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  5. Hongtao Guo
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  6. Shaofeng Xu
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  7. Guotao Zhang
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  8. Ming Wen
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  9. Yongqing Long
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  10. Qi Li
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinxi Song.

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Wang, L., Jiang, W., Song, J. et al. Investigating spatial variability of vertical water fluxes through the streambed in distinctive stream morphologies using temperature and head data. Hydrogeol J 25, 1283–1299 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1539-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1539-7

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