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Characterizing the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the karst aquifer of Fangshan, Beijing (China)

Caractérisation des interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface au sein de l’aquifère karstique de Fangshan, Beijing (Chine)

Caracterización de la interacción del agua superficial y agua subterránea en el acuífero kárstico de Fangshan, Beijing (China)

北京房山岩溶区的地下水与地表水相互作用的识别与特征分析

Caracterizando a interação entre aguas subterrâneas e superficiais no aquífero cárstico de Fangshan, Pequim (China)

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Abstract

Correct understanding of groundwater/surface-water (GW–SW) interaction in karst systems is of greatest importance for managing the water resources. A typical karst region, Fangshan in northern China, was selected as a case study. Groundwater levels and hydrochemistry analyses, together with isotope data based on hydrogeological field investigations, were used to assess the GW–SW interaction. Chemistry data reveal that water type and the concentration of cations in the groundwater are consistent with those of the surface water. Stable isotope ratios of all samples are close to the local meteoric water line, and the 3H concentrations of surface water and groundwater samples are close to that of rainfall, so isotopes also confirm that karst groundwater is recharged by rainfall. Cross-correlation analysis reveals that rainfall leads to a rise in groundwater level with a lag time of 2 months and groundwater exploitation leads to a fall within 1 month. Spectral analysis also reveals that groundwater level, groundwater exploitation and rainfall have significantly similar response periods, indicating their possible inter-relationship. Furthermore, a multiple nonlinear regression model indicates that groundwater level can be negatively correlated with groundwater exploitation, and positively correlated with rainfall. The overall results revealed that groundwater level has a close correlation with groundwater exploitation and rainfall, and they are indicative of a close hydraulic connection and interaction between surface water and groundwater in this karst system.

Résumé

Une bonne compréhension des interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface (ESO–ESU) des systèmes karstiques est essentiel pour la gestion des ressources en eau. Une région karstique typique, Fangshan dans le nord de la Chine, a été choisie comme cas d’étude. Les niveaux piézométriques et les analyses hydrochimiques, couplés aux données isotopiques basées sur les investigations hydrogéologiques de terrain, ont été utilisés pour évaluer les interaction ESO–ESU. Les données de la chimie révèlent que le type d’eau et la concentration en cations dans les eaux souterraines sont compatibles avec celles des eaux de surface. Les rapports des isotopes stables de tous les échantillons sont proches de la line d’eau météorique locale, et les concentrations en 3H des échantillons d’eau de surface et d’eaux souterraines sont proches de celles des précipitations, ainsi les isotopes confirment également que les eaux souterraines karstiques sont rechargées par les précipitations. Des analyses corrélatoires croisées révèlent que les précipitations entraînent une augmentation du niveau piézométrique avec un délai de deux mois et que l’exploitation des eaux souterraines provoque une diminution un mois plus tard. L’analyse spectrale révèle également que le niveau piézométriques, l’exploitation des eaux souterraines et les précipitations ont sensiblement des périodes de réponses similaires, indiquant leur possible inter-relation. De plus, un modèle de régression multiple non linéaire indique que le niveau piézométrique peut être corrélé négativement avec l’exploitation des eaux souterraines, et de manière positive avec les précipitations. L’ensemble des résultats révèle que le niveau piézométrique est étroitement lié à l’exploitation des eaux souterraines et aux précipitations, et ce qui témoigne d’une connexion hydraulique étroite et d’une interaction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines au sein de ce système karstique.

Resumen

Un conocimiento correcto de la interacción agua subterránea/agua superficial (GW–SW) en los sistemas kársticos es de mayor importancia para el manejo de los recursos hídricos. Se seleccionó como caso de estudio una región kárstica típica, Fangshan, en el norte de China. Se utilizaron los niveles de agua subterránea y los análisis hidroquímicos, junto con los datos isotópicos en base a las investigaciones hidrogeológicas de campo, para evaluar la interacción GW–SW. Los datos químicos revelan que el tipo de agua y la concentración de cationes en el agua subterránea son consistentes con los del agua superficial. Las proporciones de isótopos estables de todas las muestras están cerca de la línea de agua meteórica local, y las concentraciones de agua superficial y agua subterránea están cercanas a las precipitaciones, por lo que los isótopos también confirman que el agua subterránea kárstica es recargada por la lluvia. El análisis de correlación cruzada revela que la precipitación conduce a un aumento del nivel de agua subterránea con un tiempo de retraso de dos meses y la explotación de agua subterránea lleva a una caída en un mes. El análisis espectral también revela que el nivel del agua subterránea, la explotación del agua subterránea y las precipitaciones tienen períodos de respuesta significativamente similares, lo que indica su posible interrelación. Además, un modelo de regresión múltiple no lineal indica que el nivel del agua subterránea puede estar correlacionado negativamente con la explotación del agua subterránea, y positivamente con la precipitación. Los resultados globales muestran que el nivel del agua subterránea tiene una estrecha correlación con la explotación del agua subterránea y la precipitación, y son indicativos de una conexión hidráulica estrecha y la interacción entre el agua superficial y el agua subterránea en este sistema kárstico.

摘要

正确认识与理解地下水与地表水的相互作用,对于岩溶地区水资源管理具有重要的意义。以中国北方的房山典型岩溶区为例,在水文地质野外调查的基础上,结合地下水动态监测、水化学以及同位素等数据,利用水化学分析、同位素分析、互相关分析、频谱分析及多元非线性回归模型等多种方法分析识别地下水与地表水的相互作用。结果表明:水化学特征上,该区地下水与地表水的水化学类型及离子浓度具有高度一致性,稳定同位素比值接近当地大气降水线,且地表水和地下水氚的浓度与降雨中氚的浓度差别不大,表明该区地下水主要接受降雨补给。动态特征上,互相关分析结果显示降雨与地下水位波动关系密切,滞后时间为两个月,地下水开采会引起地下水位下降,滞后时间为一个月。光谱分析结果显示地下水位,地下水开采和降雨具有相似的显著周期,表明三者之间存在一定的相关性。地下水位与地下水开采量、降雨量多元非线性回归模型结果显示地下水位与地下水开采量呈负相关,而与降雨量呈正相关。经过以上分析可知,地下水位与地下水开采及降雨密切相关,也证明了房山岩溶地区地表水和地下水之间存在密切的水力联系和相互作用。

Resumo

O claro entendimento da interação água subterrânea/água superficial (ASub–ASup) em sistemas cársticos é de grande importância para o gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. Uma típica região cárstica, em Fangshan no Norte da China, foi selecionada para um estudo de caso. Análises hidroquímicas e dos níveis da água, juntamente com dados de isótopos baseados em investigações hidrogeológicas de campo, foram utilizados para avaliar a interação ASub–ASup. Dados químicos revelaram que o tipo da água e a concentração de cátions nas águas subterrâneas são consistentes com os das águas superficiais. As taxas de isótopos estáveis de todas amostras estão próximas da linha de água meteórica local, e as concentrações de 3H das amostras de águas superficiais e subterrâneas estão próximas das de precipitação, portanto os isótopos também confirmam que a água subterrânea do carste é recarregada pela chuva. Análises de correlação cruzada revelam que a precipitação leva a um aumento no nível das águas subterrâneas com um tempo de atraso de dois meses e a explotação provoca uma queda dentro de um mês. Análises espectrais também revelaram que os níveis das águas subterrâneas, explotação e precipitação possuem períodos de resposta significativamente semelhantes, indicando sua possível inter-relação. Ademais, um modelo de regressão linear múltipla indica que o nível das águas subterrâneas pode ser correlacionado negativamente com a explotação de águas subterrâneas, e positivamente correlacionado com a chuva. Os resultados gerais revelam que o nível das águas subterrâneas possui uma estreita correlação com a explotação de águas subterrâneas e precipitação, e eles são indicativos de uma estreita conexão e interação hidráulica entre as águas superficiais e subterrâneas em sistemas cársticos.

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Acknowledgments

The research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51459003) and the Project of Karst Groundwater Resources Exploration and Assessment in Beijing (BJYRS-ZT-01), and the Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of the Ministry of Water Resources in China (No. 201501028). Comments and suggestions from anonymous reviewers, the associate editor, and the editor are greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Haibo Chu & Jiahua Wei

  2. State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Sanjiangyuan Collaborative Innovation Center, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China

    Jiahua Wei

  3. Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing, 100195, China

    Rong Wang & Baodong Xin

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  1. Haibo Chu
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Correspondence to Jiahua Wei.

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Chu, H., Wei, J., Wang, R. et al. Characterizing the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the karst aquifer of Fangshan, Beijing (China). Hydrogeol J 25, 575–588 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1507-7

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