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Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region, China

Etude expérimentale de la déformation verticale des sols d’aquifère en conditions d’exploitation et de recharge des eaux souterraines dans la région du Tongchuan, Chine

Estudio experimental sobre la deformación vertical de suelos de acuíferos bajo condiciones de extracción y recarga del agua subterránea en la región de Tongchuan, China

中国铜川地区地下水开采和补给条件下含水层土壤垂直变形实验研究

Estudo experimental da deformação vertical de solos aquíferos sob condições de bombeamento e recarga de águas subterrâneas na região de Tongchuan, China

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Abstract

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.

Résumé

L’affaissement des terrains due à la compaction du système aquifère accompagnant l’exploitation des eaux souterraines constitue un risque à l’échelle mondiale. La hausse des constructions et de la demande en eaux souterraines en milieu urbain nécessite une sensibilisation accrue et une meilleure compréhension du problème géologique. Motivée par le manque d’études à l’échelle du laboratoire sur cette problématique, une étude expérimentale sur la région de Tongchuan récemment développée, en Chine, est présentée. Cette étude porte sur les comportements de déformation de trois échantillons de sol, de lithologie argilo limoneuse, limoneuse et de sables fins, pour des conditions d’exploitation d’eaux souterraines et de recharge en utilisant le Système de Tests de Consolidation GDS. Les résultats indiquent que tous les trois échantillons sont caractérisés par une déformation élastique-plastique pour des conditions d’exploitation et de recharge. La déformation verticale des argiles limoneuses dans l’aquitard situé au-dessus du premier aquifère captif est plus grande que celle de deux autres échantillons, et sa déformation est un processus graduel et long ; ainsi, une attention considérable doit être accordée à la déformation dans cet aquitard en raison de l’effet apparent de fluage et d’un petit rebond de déformation. Toutefois, le dépôt de sable fin dans le deuxième aquifère captif ne peut être ignoré en raison de la grande épaisseur de l’aquifère. Pour le même sol, du fait que la pression de l’eau interstitielle a diminué, le taux unitaire de la déformation verticale a diminué progressivement, alors que l’effet du fluage de la déformation dans la phase ultérieure de déclin de la pression de l’eau interstitielle est plus apparent que dans l’état de déclin précédent. Ces observations sont très importantes pour le gouvernement local, qui est en train de développer des mesures pour prévenir et contrôler l’affaissement des sols.

Resumen

La subsidencia del terreno debido a la compactación de un sistema acuífero acompañado por la extracción de agua subterránea es un peligro general. La demanda creciente de la construcción urbana y del agua subterránea, requieran una mayor conciencia y una mejor comprensión del problema geológico. Motivados por la falta de estudios a escala de laboratorio sobre este tema, se presenta una investigación experimental sobre la recientemente desarrollada región de Tongchuan, China. El estudio aborda los comportamientos de deformación de tres muestras de suelo, con litologías de arcilla limosa, limo y arena fina, bajo condiciones de extracción y recarga de agua subterránea utilizando el Sistema de Pruebas de Consolidación GDS. Los resultados indican que las tres muestras se caracterizaron por una deformación elástica-plástica bajo condiciones de extracción y recarga. La deformación vertical de la arcilla limosa en el acuitardo por encima del primer acuífero confinado fue mayor que la de las otras dos muestras, y su deformación es un proceso gradual y largo; por lo tanto, una considerable atención debe prestarse a la deformación en este acuitardo debido al efecto de la aparente fluencia y el pequeño rebote de deformación. Sin embargo, la solución de la arena fina en el segundo acuífero confinado no puede ser ignorada debido al gran espesor del acuífero. Para el mismo suelo, la tasa de unidad de deformación vertical disminuyó gradualmente, ya que la presión poral del agua se redujo, mientras que el efecto de la fluencia de deformación en la etapa posterior a la disminución de la presión del agua intersticial fue más evidente que en la etapa anterior. Estas observaciones son muy importantes para el gobierno local, que está desarrollando medidas para prevenir y controlar la subsidencia.

摘要

含水层系统压实伴随着地下水开采导致的地面沉降是一个全球性的灾害。日益增加的城市建设和地下水需求需要人们增加对地质问题的认识和了解。由于在此问题上缺乏实验室尺度的研究,因此在中国新近开发的铜川地区开展了实验研究。通过采用GDS固结测试系统,重点研究了地下水开采和补给条件下三种土样包括粉质粘土、粉土和细砂 的变形。结果显示,所有三种样品在地下水开采和补给条件下都具有弹-塑性变形。第一承压含水层之上的隔水层粉质粘土的垂直变形比其他另外两个样品的垂直变形要大,其变形是逐渐和慢长的过程;由于明显的蠕变效应和微小的回弹变形,因此要注重此隔水层的变形。然而,由于第二承压含水层很厚,含水层中细砂沉降也不能忽略。对于同样的土样,随着孔隙水压力降低,垂直变形的单位速率逐渐下降,而孔隙水压力稍后下降阶段土样的变形蠕变效应比先前下降阶段的更明显。这些观测结果对于当地政府采取措施预防和控制沉降非常重要。

Resumo

Subsidência de terreno por causa da compactação do sistema aquífero acompanhado da extração de águas subterrâneas é um perigo global. O aumento das construções urbanas e a demanda por águas subterrâneas aumentam a preocupação e o melhor entendimento do problema geológico. Motivado pela falta de estudos em escala laboratorial sobre esse assunto, uma investigação experimental na região de Tongchuan recentemente desenvolvida, na China, é apresentada. O estudo aponta os comportamentos de deformação de três amostras de solo, com a litologia de argila, silte e areia fina, sob condições de bombeamento e recarga de águas subterrâneas utilizando o Sistema de Teste de Consolidação GDS. Os resultados indicam que todas as três amostras foram caracterizadas pela deformação plástica-elástica sob condições de bombeamento e recarga. A deformação vertical da argila no aquitardo acima do primeiro aquífero confinado foi mais ampla que nas outras duas amostras, e sua deformação é um processo longo e gradual. Assim, deve-se ter atenção considerável com a deformação no aquitardo pelo efeito do deslizamento aparente e deformação de recuperação mínima. No entanto, o assentamento da areia fina no segundo aquífero confinado não pode ser ignorado por causa da grande espessura do aquífero. Para o mesmo solo, com o declínio da pressão da água no poro, a taxa de deformação vertical diminui gradualmente, desde que o efeito de deslizamento da deformação nos estagio de declínio posteriores da pressão da água no poro for mais aparente que era nos estágios iniciais. Essas observações são altamente importantes para o governo local, que está desenvolvendo medidas para prevenir e controlar a subsidência.

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Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2014CB744701), China Geological Survey No. 12120114056901. We would like to thank Lu Tian, Xinsheng Wei and Xiaokun Wen, students of Chang’an University, for their help in conducting these experiments.

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Wei, Yn., Fan, W. & Cao, Y. Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region, China. Hydrogeol J 25, 297–309 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1498-4

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