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River–groundwater connectivity in a karst system, Wellington, New South Wales, Australia

Connectivité entre rivière et eaux souterraines d’un système karstique, Wellington, New South Wales, Australie

Conectividad agua subterránea–río en un sistema kárstico, Wellington, New South Wales, Australia

澳大利亚新南威尔士州威灵顿地区喀斯特系统的河流与地下水连通性研究

Conectividade rio–água subterrânea em um sistema cárstico, Wellington, Nova Gales do Sul, Austrália

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Abstract

The characterization of river–aquifer connectivity in karst environments is difficult due to the presence of conduits and caves. This work demonstrates how geophysical imaging combined with hydrogeological data can improve the conceptualization of surface-water and groundwater interactions in karst terrains. The objective of this study is to understand the association between the Bell River and karst-alluvial aquifer at Wellington, Australia. River and groundwater levels were continuously monitored, and electrical resistivity imaging and water quality surveys conducted. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging mapped the transition between the alluvium and karst. This is important for highlighting the proximity of the saturated alluvial sediments to the water-filled caves and conduits. In the unsaturated zone the resistivity imaging differentiated between air- and sediment-filled karst features, and in the saturated zone it mapped the location of possible water- and sediment-filled caves. Groundwater levels are dynamic and respond quickly to changes in the river stage, implying that there is a strong hydraulic connection, and that the river is losing and recharging the adjacent aquifer. Groundwater extractions (1,370 ML, megalitres, annually) from the alluvial aquifer can cause the groundwater level to fall by as much as 1.5 m in a year. However, when the Bell River flows after significant rainfall in the upper catchment, river-leakage rapidly recharges the alluvial and karst aquifers. This work demonstrates that in complex hydrogeological settings, the combined use of geophysical imaging, hydrograph analysis and geochemical measurements provide insights on the local karst hydrology and groundwater processes, which will enable better water-resource and karst management.

Résumé

La caractérisation de la connectivité entre rivière et aquifères dans les environnements karstiques est difficile du fait de la présence de conduits et de cavités. Ce travail démontre comment l’imagerie géophysique combinée à des données hydrogéologiques peut améliorer la conceptualisation des interactions entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines en région karstique. L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre les relations entre la rivière Bell et l’aquifère karstique alluvial à Wellington, Australie. Les niveaux de la rivière et des eaux souterraines ont été enregistrés en continu, et l’imagerie de la résistivité électrique et un suivi de la qualité de l’eau ont été réalisés. L’image en 2D de la résistivité cartographie la transition entre les alluvions et le karst. Ceci est important pour mettre en évidence la proximité des sédiments alluviaux saturés en eau aux cavités et conduits remplis d’eau. Dans la zone non saturée, l’imagerie de la résistivité permet de différencier des remplissages des objets karstiques par l’air et par les sédiments, et dans la zone saturée il est possible de cartographier la localisation des cavités possiblement remplies d’eau et de sédiments. Les niveaux d’eau souterraine sont dynamiques et répondent rapidement aux changements d’état hydrique de la rivière, ce qui implique qu’il y a une forte connexion hydraulique, et que la rivière par des pertes recharge l’aquifère adjacent. Les volumes d’eau souterraine extraits (1,370 ML, mégalitres, annuellement) de l’aquifère alluvial peut causer une chute du niveau d’eau souterraine jusqu’à 1.5 m en une année. Cependant, suite à des événements pluvieux significatifs dans la partie amont du bassin versant de la rivière Bell, les pertes de la rivière rechargent rapidement les aquifères alluviaux et karstiques. Ce travail démontre que dans des contextes hydrogéologiques complexes, l’utilisation combinée de l’imagerie géophysique, l’analyse des hydrographes et des mesures géochimiques donnent un aperçu de l’hydrologie karstique au niveau local et des processus qui prennent place dans les eaux souterraines, ce qui permettra une meilleure gestion des ressources en eau et du karst.

Resumen

La caracterización de la conectividad acuífero–río en ambientes kársticos es dificultosa debido a la presencia de conductos y cavernas. Este trabajo demuestra como imágenes geofísicas combinadas con datos hidrogeológicos pueden mejorar la conceptualización de las interacciones agua subterránea – agua superficial en terrenos kársticos. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender la asociación entre el Río Bell y el acuífero aluvial en Wellington, Australia. Los niveles de agua subterránea y del río fueron monitoreados en forma continua, y se llevaron a cabo relevamientos de imágenes de resistividad eléctrica y de calidad de agua. Las imágenes de resistividad eléctrica bidimensionales mapearon la transición entre el karst y el aluvio. Esto es importante para resaltar la proximidad de los sedimentos aluviales saturados a los conductos y cavernas llenos de agua. En la zona no saturada las imágenes de resistividad diferenciaron entre aire y las características kársticas rellenas por sedimentos, y en la zona saturada se mapeó la ubicación de posibles cavernas rellenas de agua y sedimento. Los niveles de agua subterránea responden rápidamente a los cambios en el estado del río, implicando que hay una fuerte conexión hidráulica, y que el río es perdedor y recarga el acuífero adyacente. Las extracciones de agua subterránea (1,370 ML, megalitros, anuales) a partir del acuífero aluvial pueden causar una caída del nivel de agua subterránea tanto como 1.5 m en un año. Sin embargo, cuando el Rio Bell fluye después de una precipitación significativa en la cuenca superior, la filtración del río recarga rápidamente los acuíferos aluviales y kársticos. Este trabajo demuestra que en un marco hidrogeológico complejo, el uso combinado de imágenes geofísicas, el análisis de hidrogramas y las mediciones geoquímicas aporta conocimientos sobre los procesos hidrológicos y del agua subterránea, lo cual posibilita un mejor manejo del recurso agua y karst.

摘要

喀斯特地区由于地下河道和洞穴的共同存在,其河流与蓄水层的连通性显得尤其复杂。本研究采用了地球物理成像与水文地质数据,研究结果可以提升人们对于喀斯特地区地表水与地下水交互作用的概念认知。本研究目的是理解澳大利亚威灵顿地区的贝尔河与喀斯特冲积蓄水层的之间的联系。我们持续监测了河流与地下水的水位变化情况,并开展了电阻率成像和水质调查。二维的电阻率成像技术显示了冲积层和喀斯特之间的过渡,这对于突显饱和冲积层沉积物与蓄水洞穴和河谷的相似度具有重要作用。在不饱和蓄水层,电阻率成像技术可以区分空气填充和沉积物填充的岩溶特征;在饱和蓄水层,电阻率成像可描述水填充洞穴和沉积物填充洞穴的大致分布。地下水位的变化是动态的,并且对河流不同阶段的变化具有快速的响应,说明该地区存在着较强的水动力学联系,并且河流正在流失并补充临近的蓄水层。冲积蓄水层的地下水提取(每年1,370兆升)可造成地下水位每年下降1.5米。然而,当贝尔河上游出现显著的降水之后,河流泄漏可以快速补充冲积蓄水层与岩溶蓄水层的水分流失。本研究表明,在复杂的水文地质环境下,通过结合地质物理成像、水文分析以及地质化学研究,可揭示区域喀斯特及地下水的水文过程,从而有利于喀斯特地区的水资源管理工作。

Resumo

A caracterização da conectividade rio–aquífero em ambientes cársticos é difícil devido à presença de condutos e cavernas. Este trabalho demonstra como imageamentos geofísicos combinados com dados hidrogeológicos podem melhorar a conceitualização das interações das águas superficial e subterrânea em terrenos cársticos. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a associação entre o Rio Bell e o aquífero cárstico-aluvial em Wellington, Austrália. Foram continuamente monitorados os níveis do rio e das águas subterrâneas, e realizado imageamento da resistividade elétrica e pesquisa de qualidade da água. O imageamento bidimensional da resistividade mapeou a transição entre o aluvião e o cárste. Isto é importante para destacar a proximidade dos sedimentos saturados aluviais com as cavernas e condutos preenchidos por água. Na zona não-saturada, o imageamento da resistividade diferenciou entre ar e feições cársticas cheia de sedimentos, e na zona saturada mapeou-se a localização de possíveis águas e cavernas cheias de sedimentos. Os níveis das águas subterrâneas são dinâmicos e respondem rapidamente a mudanças na nível do rio, implicando em uma forte ligação hidráulica e indicando que o rio está perdendo água e recarregando o aquífero adjacente. Extrações de águas subterrâneas (1,370 ML, megalitros, anualmente) do aquífero aluvial podem fazer com que o nível do lençol freático rebaixe em até 1.5 m em um ano. No entanto, quando o Rio Bell flui após chuvas significativas na bacia superior, a fuga de água desse rio rapidamente recarrega o aluvião e o aquíferos cársticos. Este trabalho demonstra que, em ambientes hidrogeológicos complexos, o uso combinado de imagens geofísicas, análise de hidrograma e medições geoquímicas fornecem conhecimentos sobre os processos hidrológicos cársticos e subterrâneos locais, permitindo uma gestão dos recursos hídricos e do cárste melhor.

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Acknowledgements

Bore BH1 was installed utilising funding from the Federal Government NCRIS Groundwater Infrastructure Program. Funding was also received from the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training (NCGRT), and help was provided by Dr. Gabriel C Rau, Dr Hoori Ajami, Mr. Amir Abas Hayati, the Wellington Council and staff at Wellington Caves.

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  1. Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia

    Mohammadreza Keshavarzi, Andy Baker, Bryce F. J. Kelly & Martin S. Andersen

  2. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia

    Martin S. Andersen

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  1. Mohammadreza Keshavarzi
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Correspondence to Mohammadreza Keshavarzi.

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Keshavarzi, M., Baker, A., Kelly, B.F.J. et al. River–groundwater connectivity in a karst system, Wellington, New South Wales, Australia. Hydrogeol J 25, 557–574 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1491-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1491-y

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