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The recharge process in alluvial strip aquifers in arid Namibia and implication for artificial recharge

Le processus de recharge dans des bandes aquifères alluviales en Namibie aride et son implication pour la recharge artificielle

El proceso de recarga en los acuíferos de franjas aluviales áridas de Namibia y las implicancias en la recarga artificial

干旱的纳米比亚冲积带含水层的补给过程及人工补给的影响

O processo de recarga em aquíferos de depósitos aluvionares nas regiões áridas da Namíbia e suas implicações para recarga artificial

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Abstract

Alluvial strip aquifers associated with ephemeral rivers are important groundwater supply sources that sustain numerous settlements and ecological systems in arid Namibia. More than 70 % of the population in the nation’s western and southern regions depend on alluvial aquifers associated with ephemeral rivers. Under natural conditions, recharge occurs through infiltration during flood events. Due to the characteristic spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in arid regions, recharge is irregular making the aquifers challenging to manage sustainably and they are often overexploited. This condition is likely to become more acute with increasing water demand and climate change, and artificial recharge has been projected as the apparent means of increasing reliability of supply. The article explores, through a case study and numerical simulation, the processes controlling infiltration, significance of surface water and groundwater losses, and possible artificial recharge options. It is concluded that recharge processes in arid alluvial aquifers differ significantly from those processes in subhumid systems and viability of artificial recharge requires assessment through an understanding of the natural recharge process and losses from the aquifer. It is also established that in arid-region catchments, infiltration through the streambed occurs at rates dependent on factors such as antecedent conditions, flow rate, flow duration, channel morphology, and sediment texture and composition. The study provides an important reference for sustainable management of alluvial aquifer systems in similar regions.

Résumé

Les bandes aquifères alluviales liées aux cours d’eau éphémères sont des sources importantes d’alimentation en eaux souterraines qui soutiennent de nombreux peuplements et systèmes écologiques en Namibie aride. Plus de 70 % de la population dans les régions occidentales et méridionales du pays dépendent des aquifères alluviaux liés aux cours d’eau éphémères. Dans des conditions normales, la recharge se produit par l’infiltration pendant les événements d’inondation. En raison de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle caractéristique des précipitations dans les régions arides, la recharge est irrégulière. En conséquence, gérer de manière durable les aquifères est un véritable défi et les aquifères sont souvent surexploités. Cet état de fait est susceptible de devenir plus aigu avec l’augmentation de la demande en eau et le changement climatique; la recharge artificielle a été envisagée comme le moyen évident d’augmenter la fiabilité de l’alimentation en eau. L’article explore, par une étude de cas et une simulation numérique, les processus contrôlant l’infiltration, l’importance des pertes d’eau de surface et d’eaux souterraines, et les options possibles de recharge artificielle. On en conclut que les processus de recharge en aquifères alluviaux sous climat aride diffèrent de manière significative de ces mêmes processus dans les systèmes humides et la viabilité de la recharge artificielle exige une analyse par une compréhension du processus de recharge naturelle et des pertes depuis l’aquifère. Il est également établi que, dans des bassins versants de régions arides, l’infiltration par le lit des cours d’eau se produit avec une efficacité variable selon des facteurs tels que les conditions antérieures, le débit, la durée d’écoulement, la morphologie du chenal, et la texture et la nature des sédiments. L’étude constitue une référence importante pour la gestion durable des systèmes aquifères alluviaux dans des régions similaires.

Resumen

Los acuíferos de franjas aluviales asociados con ríos efímeros son fuentes importantes para el abastecimiento de agua subterránea que sostienen numerosos asentamientos y los sistemas ecológicos en las zonas áridas de Namibia. Más del 70 % de la población en las regiones del oeste y sur del país depende de los acuíferos aluviales asociados a ríos efímeros. En condiciones naturales, la recarga se produce por infiltración durante las crecidas. Debido a las características de la variabilidad espacial y temporal de las lluvias en las regiones áridas, la recarga es irregular haciendo dificultosa la gestión sostenible de los acuíferos, que a menudo son sobreexplotados. Esta condición llega a ser más grave con el aumento de la demanda de agua y el cambio climático, y la recarga artificial se ha proyectado como un medio aparente para aumentar la fiabilidad del suministro. El artículo explora, a través de un caso de estudio y una simulación numérica, los procesos que controlan la infiltración, el significado de las pérdidas de agua superficial y subterránea, y las posibles opciones de recarga artificial. Se concluye que los procesos de recarga en los acuíferos aluviales áridos difieren significativamente de aquellos procesos que se dan en los sistemas húmedos y la viabilidad de la recarga artificial requiere la evaluación a través de una comprensión del proceso de recarga natural y las pérdidas del acuífero. También se estableció que en las cuencas de las regiones áridas, la infiltración a través del lecho del río se produce a velocidades que dependen de factores tales como las condiciones antecedentes, de los caudales, de la duración de los caudales, de la morfología del canal, y de la textura y composición del sedimento. El estudio proporciona una referencia importante para la gestión sostenible de los sistemas acuíferos aluviales en regiones similares.

摘要

在干旱的纳米比亚,与转瞬即逝河流相关的冲积带含水层是维持众多居民生活和生态环境的重要地下水供水水源。该国西部和南部70%以上的人口依赖于与转瞬即逝河流相关的冲积带含水层生活。在自然条件下,洪水事件期间通过入渗进行补给。由于干旱地区特有的降雨时空变化性,补给没有规律,使含水层面临着可持续管理的挑战及常常遭受超采。这种状况很可能随着水需求的增加和气候变化变得更加严重,预计人工补给成为增加供水可靠性的明显手段。本文通过研究实例和数值模拟探索了控制入渗的过程、地表水和地下水减少的意义以及可能的人工补给选项。得出的结论就是,干旱冲积含水层的补给过程与湿润系统中的补给过程有很大不同,人工补给的可行性需要通过了解自然补给过程及含水层的损耗进行评价。另外,还能确定的就是,在干旱地区的汇水区,通过河床的入渗速度取决于多种因素,诸如先前的条件、流速、水流持续时间、渠道的形态以及沉积结构和成分。本研究为类似地区冲积含水层系统的可持续管理提供了重要参考。

Resumo

Aquíferos associados a depósitos aluvionares de rios intermitentes são importantes fontes de abastecimento que suprem inúmeras aldeias e ecossistemas nas partes áridas da Namíbia. Mais de 70 % da população das porções oeste e sul do país dependem dos aquíferos aluvionares associados aos rios intermitentes como fonte de abastecimento. Sob condições naturais, a recarga ocorre devido a infiltração durante eventos de cheias dos rios. Devido a variação espacial e temporal característica das chuvas nas regiões áridas, a recarga é irregular, o que faz dos aquíferos e suas águas, objetos de difícil manejo sustentável e que por fim acabam sendo superexplotados. Tais condições possivelmente tornem-se mais complicadas devido ao aumento do consumo da água e às mudanças climáticas. A recarga artificial desses aquíferos tem sido apresentada como solução para aumento da confiabilidade na oferta da água. O artigo explora por meio de um estudo de caso e simulação numérica, os processos que controlam a infiltração, a importância da perda de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, e as possíveis opções de recarga artificial como solução. Pôde-se concluir que os processos de recarga em aquíferos de depósitos aluvionares de regiões áridas diferem dos processos atuantes em sistemas similares em ambientes úmidos, sendo que a viabilidade da recarga artificial desses reservatórios requer avaliação e compreensão dos processos de recarga e de perdas naturais dos aquíferos. Também é definido que em bacias de drenagem em regiões áridas, a infiltração através dos leitos das drenagens ocorrem em taxas que dependem de fatores como condições antecedentes, velocidade de fluxo, duração do fluxo, morfologia dos canais, textura e composição dos sedimentos. Esse estudo oferece uma importante referência para a gestão sustentável de sistemas aquíferos aluvionares em regiões similares.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Namibia, for permission to use the monitoring data. Comments by S Dogramaci, S Noorduijn and an anonymous reviewer improved the technical content and clarity of the article.

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Correspondence to Yongxin Xu.

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Sarma, D., Xu, Y. The recharge process in alluvial strip aquifers in arid Namibia and implication for artificial recharge. Hydrogeol J 25, 123–134 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1474-z

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