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Groundwater potentiality mapping of hard-rock terrain in arid regions using geospatial modelling: example from Wadi Feiran basin, South Sinai, Egypt

Cartographie des potentialités des aquifères en terrains de socle en régions arides à partir de la modélisation géospatiale: exemple du bassin du Wadi Feiran, Sud Sinaï, Egypte

Mapeo de la potencialidad del agua subterránea en terrenos de roca dura en las regiones áridas utilizando el modelado geoespacial: ejemplo de la cuenca de Wadi Feiran, Sinaí del Sur, Egipto

تخريط إمكانات المياه الجوفية فى الصخور الصلبة بالمناطق الجافة بإستخدام النمذجة المكانيه: مثال لحوض وادى فيران، جنوب سيناء، مصر

采用地质空间模拟绘制干旱地区硬岩地域地下水潜能图:埃及西奈半岛南部Wadi Feiran流域的实例

Mapeamento da potencialidade das águas subterrâneas em terreno de rocha fraturada em regiões áridas utilizando modelagem geoespacial: exemplo da bacia Wadi Feiran, Sul do Sinai, Egito.

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Abstract

Identifying a good site for groundwater exploitation in hard-rock terrains is a challenging task. In Sinai, Egypt, groundwater is the only source of water for local inhabitants. Interpretation of satellite data for delineation of lithological units and weathered zones, and for mapping of lineament density and their trends, provides a valuable aid for the location of groundwater promising areas. Complex deformational histories of the wide range of lithological formations add to the difficulty. Groundwater prospect mapping is a systematic approach that considers the major controlling factors which influence the aquifer and quality of groundwater. The presented study aims to delineate, identify, model and map groundwater potential zones in arid South Sinai using remote sensing data and a geographic information system (GIS) to prepare various hydromorphogeological thematic maps such as maps of slope, drainage density, lithology, landforms, structural lineaments, rainfall intensity and plan curvature. The controlling-factor thematic maps are each allocated a fixed score and weight, computed by using a linear equation approach. Furthermore, each weighted thematic map is statistically computed to yield a groundwater potential zone map of the study area. The groundwater potential zones thus obtained were divided into five categories (very poor, poor, moderate, good and very good) and were validated using the relation between the zone and the spatial distribution of productive wells and of previous geophysical investigations from a literature review. The results show the groundwater potential zones in the study area, and create awareness for better planning and management of groundwater resources.

Résumé

L’identification d’un bon site pour l’exploitation des eaux souterraines dans des terrains de socle est une tâche difficile. Dans le Sinaï, Egypte, l’eau souterraine est la seule ressource en eau pour les habitants locaux. L’interprétation des données satellitaires pour la délimitation des unités lithologiques et les zones d’altération, et pour la cartographie de la densité des linéaments et de leurs tendances, fournit une aide précieuse pour la localisation de zones d’eaux souterraines prometteuses. Les histoires complexes de la déformation de la grande gamme de formations lithologiques s’ajoutent à la difficulté. La cartographie de prospection hydrogéologique est une approche systématique qui considère les facteurs principaux de contrôle qui influencent l’aquifère et la qualité des eaux souterraines. L’étude présentée a pour objectif de délimiter, d’identifier, de modéliser et de cartographier les zones à potentialité hydrogéologique dans le Sud Sinaï aride en utilisant des données satellitaires et un système d’information géographique (SIG) pour préparer différentes cartes hydromorphologiques thématiques, telles que des cartes de pente, de densité de drainage, de lithologie, des formes topographiques, de linéaments structuraux, d’intensité de précipitations et de plan de courbure. Les cartes thématiques des facteurs de contrôle se voient attribuées à chacune d’entre elles une valeur fixe et une pondération, calculée à l’aide d’une équation linéaire. De plus, chaque carte thématique pondérée est statistiquement calculée pour obtenir une carte de zones à potentialités en eaux souterraines dans la zone d’étude. Les zones à potentialité en eaux souterraines ainsi obtenues sont divisées en cinq catégories (très faible, faible, modérée, bonne et très bonne) et sont validées en utilisant la relation entre la zone et la distribution spatiale des puits productifs et des investigations géophysiques antérieures issues d’une revue de la littérature. Les résultats indiquent les zones à potentialités d’eaux souterraines dans la zone d’étude, et constituent une sensibilisation pour une meilleure planification et gestion des ressources en eaux souterraines.

Resumen

La identificación de un buen sitio para la explotación de agua subterránea en terrenos de roca dura es una tarea difícil. En el Sinaí, Egipto, el agua subterránea es la única fuente de agua para los habitantes locales. La interpretación de los datos de satélite para la delimitación de las unidades litológicas y zonas degradadas, y para el mapeo de la densidad de lineamientos y sus tendencias, proporciona una valiosa ayuda para la ubicación de las zonas promisorias de agua subterránea. Las historias complejas de la deformación del amplio rango de formaciones litológicas añaden dificultad. El mapeo prospectivo del agua subterránea es un enfoque sistemático que tiene en cuenta los principales factores de control que influyen en el acuífero y la calidad del agua subterránea. El estudio que se presenta tiene como objetivo delimitar, identificar, modelar y mapear zonas potenciales de agua subterránea en las zonas áridas del sur del Sinaí, utilizando datos de teledetección y sistemas de información geográfica (GIS) para preparar diversos mapas hidrogeomorfológicos temáticos, tales como mapas de pendiente, de densidad de drenaje, litología, paisaje, lineamientos estructurales, intensidad de las precipitaciones y de planos de curvatura. Los factores de control de los mapas temáticos se asignan a cada una de las calificaciones e importancia determinadas, calculados utilizando una aproximación de una ecuación lineal. Además, cada mapa temático ponderado se calcula estadísticamente para producir un mapa de zonas potenciales de agua subterránea en el área de estudio. Las zonas potenciales de agua subterránea así obtenidas se dividieron en cinco categorías (muy pobres, pobres, moderadas, buenas y muy buenas) y se evaluaron utilizando la relación entre la zona y la distribución espacial de los pozos productivos y de las investigaciones geofísicas previa a la revisión de la literatura. Los resultados muestran las posibles zonas de agua subterránea en el área de estudio, y crean conciencia para una mejor planificación y gestión de los recursos de agua subterránea.

الملخص

تحديد الموقع الأمثل لاستغلال المياه الجوفية بالصخور الصلبة من المهام الصعبة. فالمياه الجوفية هى المصدر الوحيد للسكان المحليين بسيناء، مصر. تفسير بيانات الأقمار الصناعية لتحديد الوحدات الصخرية ونطاقات التجوية ورسم خرائط كثافة الخطوط التركيبية واتجاهاتها يساعد على تحديد المواقع الواعدة للمياه الجوفية. فالتاريخ التركيبى التشوهى المعقد للوحدات الصخرية يضيف صعوبة جديدة لعمليات البحث عن المياه الجوفية. حيث أن التخريط الاستكشافى للمياه الجوفية هو أسلوب منهجى يراعى فيه العوامل الرئيسية المتحكمة والمؤثرة فى نوعية وكمية المياه الجوفية. تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى تحديد وتخريط ونمذجة المناطق المحتملة لتواجد المناطق المحتملة لتواجد المياه الجوفية بجنوب سيناء كمنطقة قاحلة باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية وذلك لإعداد الخرائط النوعية الهيدروجيوموفولوجية المختلفة مثل خرائط الانحدار وكثافة شبكة الصرف والوحدات الصخرية والتضاريس والخطوط التركيبية وكثافة الأمطار ومستوى الإنحناء. وقد تم وضع درجة وزن محدد لكل عامل حاكم وحسابه باستخدام معادلة خطية. علاوة على ذلك تم عمل تحليل إحصائى لكل خريطة نوعية موزونة لإنتاج خريطة إمكانات المياه الجوفية لمنطقة الدراسة حيث تم تقسيم خريطة إمكانات المياه الجوفية إلى خمسة فئات (فقيرة جداً – فقيرة – متوسطة – جيدة – جيدة جداً). وعليه تم التحقق من صحتها باستخدام العلاقة بين التوزيع المكانى للأبار المنتجة والفحوص الجيوفيزيائية السابقة. وأظهرت النتائج إمكانات المناطق الواعدة للمياه الجوفية وأوصت بالتوعية لوضع خطط جيدة لإدارة المياه الجوفية.

摘要

在硬岩地域确定地下水开采的绝佳场地是一项具有挑战性的任务。在埃及西奈半岛,地下水是当地居民唯一的水源。描述岩性单元及风化带、绘制其线性构造密度和趋势的卫星资料解译为确定地下水远景区的位置提供了帮助。范围广泛的岩性地层复杂变形历史增加了确定远景区的困难。地下水勘探绘图是充分考虑影响含水层和地下水水质主要控制因素的系统方法。所论述的研究目的就是利用遥感资料和地理信息系统描述、确定、模拟和绘制干旱的西奈半岛南部地下水潜力带,编制各种水文形态地质图件,诸如坡度图、排水密度图、岩性图、地形图、构造轮廓图、降雨强度图和平面曲率图。控制因素专题图每张都分配有固定的分数和权重,利用线性方程方法计算获得这些分数和权重。此外,每个加权的专题图进行统计计算,产生出研究区地下水潜力带图。由此获取的地下水潜力带分为5类(非常差、差、中等、好、非常好),并利用潜力带及生产井的空间分布和文献记载的过去地球物理调查结果之间的关系进行确认。结果显示了研究区的地下水潜力带,提高了更好规划和管理地下水资源的意识。

Resumo

Identificar um bom local para a exploração de águas subterrâneas em terreno de rocha fraturada é uma tarefa desafiadora. No Sinai, Egito, a água subterrânea é o único recurso hídrico para os habitantes locais. Interpretação de dados de satélite para delimitação das unidades litológicas e zonas úmidas, e para mapear da densidade de delineamento e suas tendências, fornece uma ajuda valiosa na localização de áreas promissoras de água subterrânea. Históricos deformacionais complexos de um amplo alcance de formações litológicas aumentam as dificuldades. O mapeamento prospectivo das águas subterrâneas é uma abordagem sistemática que considera fatores de maior controle que influenciam no aquífero e na qualidade das águas subterrâneas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo delinear, identificar, modelar e mapear zonas potenciais de águas subterrâneas no Sul árido do Sinai utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) para preparar vários mapas temáticos hidromorfogeológicos, como mapas de declividade, densidade da drenagem, litologia, formações do relevo, lineamentos estruturais, intensidade da chuva e curvatura do terreno. Os mapas temáticos de fatores controladores foram cada um alocado a uma pontuação e peso fixos, computados utilizando uma abordagem de equação linear. Além disso, cada mapa ponderado é estatisticamente computado a um rendimento de um mapa de zona potencial de águas subterrâneas da área de estudo. As zonas potenciais de águas subterrâneas assim obtidas foram divididas em 5 categorias (muito fraco, fraco, moderado, bom e muito bom) e foram validadas utilizando a relação entre a zona e a distribuição espacial dos poços produtivos e das investigações geofísicas prévias para uma futura revisão de literatura. Os resultados mostram as zonas potenciais das águas subterrâneas na área de estudo e criam um alerta para melhor planejamento e gestão dos recursos subterrâneos.

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Acknowledgements

The author wishes to express his appreciation and gratitude to Prof. Ahmed E. El-Rayes, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Egypt, for his constructive criticism on an earlier draft of the manuscript and his fruitful discussions. The author thanks reviewers Timothy Evans, Graham Jenke and the editor of Hydrogeology Journal for giving constructive comments that also helped improve the manuscript.

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  1. Faculty of Science, Geology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Mohamed O. Arnous

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Arnous, M.O. Groundwater potentiality mapping of hard-rock terrain in arid regions using geospatial modelling: example from Wadi Feiran basin, South Sinai, Egypt. Hydrogeol J 24, 1375–1392 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1417-8

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