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Evaluation of groundwater residence time in a high mountain aquifer system (Sacramento Mountains, USA): insights gained from use of multiple environmental tracers

Evaluation du temps de résidence des eaux souterraines dans un système aquifère de haute montagne (Montagnes de Sacramento, Etats Unis d’Amérique): enseignements tirés de l’utilisation de traceurs environnementaux multiples

Evaluación del tiempo de residencia del agua subterránea en un acuífero de alta montaña (Sacramento Mountains, USA): Los conocimientos obtenidos con el uso de trazadores ambientales múltiples

(美国沙加缅度山脉)高山含水层系统中地下水停留时间的评估:使用多种环境示踪剂获得的认识

Avaliação de tempo de permanência em um sistema aquífero em alta montanha (Montanhas de Sacramento, EUA): conhecimentos obtidos pelo uso de múltiplos traçadores ambientais

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Abstract

The New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (USA) has conducted a regional investigation of groundwater residence time within the southern Sacramento Mountains aquifer system using multiple environmental tracers. Results of the tracer surveys indicate that groundwater in the southern Sacramento Mountains ranges in age from less than 1 year to greater than 50 years, although the calculated ages contain uncertainties and vary significantly depending on which tracer is used. A distinctive feature of the results is discordance among the methods used to date groundwater in the study area. This apparent ambiguity results from the effects of a thick unsaturated zone, which produces non-conservative behavior among the dissolved gas tracers, and the heterogeneous character and semi-karstic nature of the aquifer system, which may yield water from matrix porosity, fractures, solution-enlarged conduits, or a combination of the three. The data also indicate mixing of groundwater from two or more sources, including recent recharge originating from precipitation at high elevations, old groundwater stored in the matrix, and pre-modern groundwater upwelling along fault zones. The tracer data have also been influenced by surface-water/groundwater exchange via losing streams and lower elevation springs (groundwater recycling). This study highlights the importance of using multiple tracers when conducting large-scale investigations of a heterogeneous aquifer system, and sheds light on characteristics of groundwater flow systems that can produce discrepancies in calculations of groundwater age.

Résumé

Le bureau de géologie et des ressources minérales du Nouveau Mexique (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) a mené une étude régionale du temps de résidence des eaux souterraines dans les systèmes aquifères du sud des montagnes de Sacramento en utilisant des traceurs environnementaux multiples. Les résultats des investigations des traceurs indiquent que les eaux souterraines dans le sud des chaines de montagnes du Sacramento, ont des âges compris entre moins d’une année à plus de 50 ans, bien que les âges calculés contiennent des incertitudes et varient de manière significative en fonction des traceurs utilisés. Un trait distinctif des résultats est la discordance entre les méthodes utilisées pour déterminer l’âge des eaux souterraines dans la zone d’étude. Cette ambiguïté apparente résulte de l’impact d’une zone non saturée épaisse, qui produit un comportement non conservatif au sein des traceurs de type gaz dissous, et du caractère hétérogène et de la nature semi-karstique du système aquifère, qui peut fournir de l’eau à partir de la porosité de matrice, des fractures, des conduits élargis par dissolution, ou de la combinaison des trois. Les données indiquent également l’existence d’un mélange d’eaux souterraines à partir de deux ou plusieurs sources, y compris la recharge récente provenant des précipitations en altitudes élevées, d’anciennes eaux souterraines stockées dans la matrice, et des remontées d’eaux souterraines pré-modernes le long de zones de failles. Les données des traceurs ont aussi été influencées par les échanges entre eaux de surface et eaux souterraines via des pertes de cours d’eau et des sources situées à des altitudes plus basses (recyclage des eaux souterraines). Cette étude souligne l’importance de l’utilisation de traceurs multiples lors de la réalisation d’investigations à grande échelle d’un système aquifère hétérogène, et met en lumière les caractéristiques des systèmes d’écoulement des eaux souterraines qui peuvent produire des contradictions dans les calculs de l’âge des eaux souterraines.

Resumen

El New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (EEUU) ha llevado a cabo una investigación regional del tiempo de residencia del agua subterránea en el sistema acuífero del sur de las Sacramento Mountains utilizando trazadores ambientales múltiples. Los resultados de los relevamientos con los trazadores indican que el agua subterránea en el sur de las Sacramento Mountains oscila la edad desde menos de un año hasta más de 50 años, aunque las edades calculadas contienen incertidumbres y varían significativamente dependiendo del trazador que se utiliza. Una característica distintiva de los resultados es la discordancia entre los métodos utilizados para datar el agua subterránea en la zona de estudio. Esta aparente ambigüedad resulta de los efectos de una zona de espesor no saturado, que produce un comportamiento no conservativo entre los trazadores de gases disueltos, y el carácter heterogéneo y la naturaleza semi-kárstica del sistema acuífero, que pueden producir agua de porosidad de la matriz, fracturas, solución ampliada en conductos, o una combinación de los tres. Los datos también indican una mezcla del agua subterránea a partir de dos o más fuentes, incluyendo la recarga reciente procedente de las precipitaciones en las altas elevaciones, el agua subterránea antigua almacenada en la matriz, y la surgencia de agua subterránea premoderna a lo largo de las zonas de falla. Los datos de los trazadores también han sido influenciados por el intercambio de agua superficial / agua subterránea a través de las corrientes perdedoras y de los manantiales de elevación más baja (reciclado de agua subterránea). Este estudio pone de relieve la importancia de utilizar trazadores múltiples al realizar investigaciones a gran escala de un sistema acuífero heterogéneo, y arroja luz sobre las características de los sistemas de flujo que pueden producir discrepancias en los cálculos de la edad del agua subterránea.

摘要

(美国)新墨西哥州地质和矿产局采用多种环境示踪剂对沙加缅度山脉南部含水层系统内的地下水停留时间进行了区域调查。示踪剂调查结果显示,尽管计算的年龄包含不确定性及使用何种示踪剂造成的变化很大,但沙加缅度山脉南部的地下水年龄范围从不到一年至五十多年。调查结果的一个明显特征就是在研究区使用的地下水测年方法不一致。这个明显的含糊性是由厚的非饱和带的影响及含水层系统的不均匀特征和半岩溶特性造成的,厚的非饱和带会在溶解气体示踪剂中产生非保守行为,含水层系统的不均匀特征和半岩溶特性可以使基质孔隙、断裂、溶解扩大的通道或者三者的综合中产生水。资料还显示,两个源或者更过源的地下水发生混合,包括高海拔地区降水产生的最近补给水、储存在基质中的古水、沿断层带上涌的前当代地下水。示踪剂资料也受到地表水\地下水交换的影响,地表水\地下水交换是通过渗失河和低海拔泉(地下水循环)进行的。本研究强调了在对不均匀含水层系统进行大规模调查时使用多种示踪剂的重要性,阐明了在计算地下水年龄时能够产生差异的地下水流系统的特征。

Resumo

O Bureau de Geologia e Recursos Minerais do Novo México (EUA) conduziu uma investigação regional de tempo de permanência das águas subterrâneas no sistema aquífero ao sul das Montanhas de Sacramento usando múltiplos traçadores ambientais. Resultados dos levantamentos por traçadores indicam que as águas subterrâneas na parte sul das Montanhas de Sacramento variam em idade entre menos de um ano a mais de 50 anos, apesar das idades calculadas apresentarem incertezas e variarem significativamente, dependendo de qual traçador é usado. Uma característica marcante dos resultados é a discordância entre os métodos usados para datar a água subterrânea na área de estudo. Esta ambiguidade aparente resulta dos efeitos de uma espessa zona insaturada, a qual produz um comportamento não conservativo entre os traçadores gasosos, e a característica heterogênea e a natureza semi cárstica do sistema aquífero, a partir do qual se pode obter água da matriz porosa, de fraturas, de condutos aumentados por solução ou uma combinação dos três. Os dados também indicam a mistura de águas subterrâneas de duas ou mais fontes, incluindo recarga recente originária de precipitação em grande elevação, águas subterrâneas mais antigas armazenadas na matriz e águas subterrâneas pré-modernas surgindo ao longo de zonas de falhas. Os dados de traçadores também foram influenciados pela troca entre água superficial e água subterrânea através de fluxos de perda e fontes de baixa elevação (reciclagem de água subterrânea). Este estudo destaca a importância do uso de múltiplos traçadores quando se conduz investigações de larga escala em sistemas aquíferos heterogêneos, e traz luz em características em sistemas de fluxo de água subterrânea que podem apresentar discrepâncias nos cálculos da idade das águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this investigation was provided by the New Mexico State Legislature through the Otero Soil and Water Conservation District, the New Mexico Department of Agriculture, the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Aquifer Mapping Program, and the National Cave and Karst Research Institute. This paper was improved by suggestions from Drs. Ed Busenberg and Bryant Jurgens, US Geological Survey, and the comments of two anonymous reviewers.

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  1. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, and the National Cave and Karst Research Institute, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 400-1 Cascades Ave., Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA

    Lewis Land

  2. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl., Socorro, NM, 87801, USA

    Stacy Timmons

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This article belongs to a series that characterizes the hydrogeology of the Sacramento Mountains and the Roswell and Salt basins in New Mexico, USA

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Land, L., Timmons, S. Evaluation of groundwater residence time in a high mountain aquifer system (Sacramento Mountains, USA): insights gained from use of multiple environmental tracers. Hydrogeol J 24, 787–804 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1400-4

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