Abstract
Isotopic and hydrogeochemical analysis, combined with temperature investigation, was conducted to characterize the flow system in the carbonate aquifer at Taiyuan, northern China. The previous division of karst subsystems in Taiyuan, i.e. the Xishan (XMK), Dongshan (DMK) and Beishan (BMK) mountain systems, were also examined. The measured δD, δ 18O and 3He/4He in water indicate that both thermal and cold groundwaters have a meteoric origin rather than deep crustal origin. Age dating using 3H and 14C shows that groundwater samples from discharge zones along faults located at the margin of mountains in the XMK and DMK are a mixture of paleometeoric thermal waters and younger cold waters from local flow systems. 14C data suggest that the average age was about 10,000 years and 4,000 years for thermal and cold groundwater in discharge zones, respectively. Based on the data of temperature, water solute chemical properties, 14C, δ 34SSO4, 87Sr/86Sr and δ 18O, different flow paths in the XMK and DMK were distinguished. Shallow groundwater passes through the upper Ordovician formations, producing younger waters at the discharge zone (low temperature and ionic concentration and enriched D and 18O). Deep groundwater flows through the lower Ordovician and Cambrian formations, producing older waters at the discharge zone (high ionic concentration and temperature and depleted D and 18O). At the margin of mountains, groundwater in deep systems flows vertically up along faults and mixes with groundwater from shallow flow systems. By contrast, only a single flow system through the entire Cambrian to Ordovician formations occurs in the BMK.
Résumé
L’analyse isotopique et hydrogéochimique, combinée avec examen des données de température, a été effectuée pour caractériser le système d’écoulement dans l’aquifère carbonaté de Taiyuan, dans le nord de la Chine. La subdivision précédente des sous-systèmes karstiques du Taiyuan, à savoir les systèmes montagneux du Xishan (XMK), du Dongshan (DMK) et du Beishan (BMK), ont également été examinées. Les analyses de δD, δ 18O et du rapport 3He/4He dans l’eau indiquent que les eaux souterraines thermales et froides ont toutes les deux une origine météorique plutôt qu’une origine de croûte profonde. La détermination de l’âge de l’eau utilisant 3H et 14C montre que les échantillons d’eau souterraine des zones de décharge le long des failles localisées sur la bordure des montagnes dans les systèmes XMK et DMK résultent d’un mélange entre des eaux thermales paléométéoriques et des eaux froides plus jeunes des systèmes d’écoulement locaux. Les données de 14C suggèrent que l’âge moyen était de 10,000 ans et de 4,000 ans pour les eaux souterraines thermales et froides dans les zones de décharge, respectivement. A partir des données de température, des propriétés chimiques du soluté, de 14C, δ 34SSO4, 87Sr/86Sr et δ 18O, différents chemins d’écoulements dans les systèmes XMK et DMK ont été identifiés. Les eaux souterraines peu profondes traversent les formations de l’Ordovicien supérieur, fournissant les eaux les plus jeunes au niveau de la zone de décharge (basse température et concentration ionique et D enrichi et 18O). En bordure des montagnes, les eaux souterraines des systèmes profonds s’écoulent verticalement le long de failles et se mélangent avec les eaux souterraines des systèmes d’écoulement peu profonds. En revanche, seul un système d’écoulement unique à travers l’ensemble des formations du Cambrien à l’Ordovicien existe au sein BMK.
Resumen
Se llevó a cabo el análisis isotópico e hidrogeoquímico, combinado con la investigación de la temperatura, para caracterizar el sistema de flujo en el acuífero carbonático en Taiyuan, el norte de China. Se examinó la división previa de los subsistemas de karst en Taiyuan, es decir, los de Xishan (XMK) Dongshan (DMK) y los sistemas de montaña Beishan (BMK). Las medidas de δD, δ 18O y 3He/4He en agua indican que tanto el agua subterránea termal como la fría tienen un origen meteórico en vez de un origen de la corteza profunda. La datación de las edades utilizando δD, δ 18O y 3He/4He muestra que las muestras de agua subterránea de las zonas de descarga a lo largo de las fallas ubicadas en el margen de las montañas en el XML y DMK son una mezcla de aguas termales paleo meteóricas y aguas frías más jóvenes procedentes de los sistemas de flujo local. Los datos de 14C sugieren que la edad promedio fue de alrededor de 10,000 años y 4,000 años en el caso del agua subterránea termal y fría en las zonas de descarga, respectivamente. Basándose en los datos de la temperatura, de las propiedades químicas del soluto agua y de 14C, δ 34SSO4, 87Sr/86Sr y δ 18O, se distinguieron diferentes trayectorias de flujo en el XML y DMK. El agua subterráneas poco profunda pasa a través de las formaciones del Ordovícico superior, produciendo aguas más jóvenes en la zona de descarga (baja temperatura y concentración iónica y D y 18O enriquecidos). El agua subterránea profunda fluye a través del Ordovícico inferior y formaciones del Cámbrico, generando aguas más viejas en la zona de descarga (alta concentración iónica y temperatura y D y 18O empobrecidos). En el margen de las montañas, el agua subterránea en los sistemas profundos fluye verticalmente hacia arriba a lo largo de las fallas y se mezcla con el agua subterránea con el flujo de los sistemas de poca profundidad. Por el contrario, sólo un sistema de flujo único se produce a través de todas las formaciones del Cámbrico al Ordovícico en el BMK.
摘要
进行了同位素和水文地球化学分析以及温度调查,以描述中国北方太原碳酸盐含水层中的水流系统。同时也对太原先前的岩溶亚系统的划分,如西山、东山和北山山系进行了调查。测量的水中的δD, δ 18O 和 3He/4He结果表明,热地下水和冷地下水是大气来源的,而非深部的地壳来源。使用3H和 14C测年显示,从沿位于西山和东山山脉边缘断层排泄带获取的地下水样是本地水流系统中古大气热水和年轻冷水的混合水。14C资料表明,排泄带热地下水和冷地下水的年龄分别平均为大约10000年和4000年。根据温度、水溶质化学特性、14C、 δ 34SSO4、87Sr/86Sr 和 δ 18O等资料,对西山和东山不同的水流通道进行了区分。浅层地下水流经晚奥陶系地层,在排泄带产生较年轻的水(低温和低离子浓度及D和 18O富集)。深层地下水流经早奥陶系和寒武系地层,在排泄带产生较老的水(高离子浓度和高温及D 和 18O耗尽)。在山脉边缘,深层系统的地下水流沿断层垂直向上流动与浅层水流系统的地下水混合。相比之下,在北山整个寒武系到奥陶系地层只有一个单一的水流系统。
Resumo
A análise isotópica e hidrogeoquímica, combinada com a investigação de temperatura, foi conduzida para caracterizar o sistema de fluxo no aquífero carbonático de Taiyuan, norte da China. A divisão anterior dos subsistemas cársticos em Taiyuan, ou seja, o Xishan (XMK), Dongshan (DMK) e o sistema de montanhas Beishan (BMK), também foram examinados. A medida de δD, δ 18O e 3He/4He na água indica que ambas as águas subterrâneas, termal e fria, possuem origem meteórica ao invés de origem crustal profunda. A idade datada usando 3H e 14C demonstra que as amostras de água subterrânea vindas das zonas de descarga ao longo das falhas localizadas na margem de montanhas em XML e DMK são uma mistura de águas termais paleometeóricas e águas frias mais jovens de sistemas de fluxo local. Dados de 14C sugerem que a idade média foi de cerca de 10.000 anos e 4.000 anos para as águas subterrâneas termais e frias nas zonas de descarga, respectivamente. Com base nos dados de temperatura, as propriedades químicas do soluto água, 14C, δ 34SSO4, 87Sr/86Sr e δ 18O, foram distinguidos caminhos de fluxo diferentes no XML e DMK. Águas subterrâneas rasas passam através das formações do Ordoviciano superior, produzindo águas mais jovens na zona de descarga (baixa temperatura e concentração iônica e enriquecimento de D e 18O). Águas subterrâneas profundas fluem através do Ordoviciano inferior e das formações Cambrianas, produzindo águas mais velhos na zona de descarga (alta concentração iônica e temperatura e empobrecimento de D e 18O). Na margem das montanhas, sistemas profundos de água subterrânea fluem verticalmente para cima ao longo de falhas e se misturam com as águas subterrâneas com sistemas de fluxo rasos. Entretanto, no BMK ocorre apenas um sistema de fluxo único através de todo o Cambriano até às formações do Ordoviciano.
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91325101 and 91125009) and the Grant for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41521001)
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Sun, Z., Ma, R., Wang, Y. et al. Using isotopic, hydrogeochemical-tracer and temperature data to characterize recharge and flow paths in a complex karst groundwater flow system in northern China. Hydrogeol J 24, 1393–1412 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1390-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1390-2