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Measures for groundwater security during and after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake (1995) and the Great East Japan earthquake (2011), Japan

Mesures pour la sécurité de l’eau souterraine pendant et après les tremblements de terre de Hanshin-Awaji (1995) et de l’Est du Japon (2011), Japon

Medidas para la seguridad del agua subterránea durante y después del terremoto de Hanshin-Awaji (1995) y del gran terremoto del oriente de japonés (2011), Japón

日本阪神-淡路大地震(1995年)和东日本大地震(2011年)期间及地震后地下水安全措施

Medidas de segurança para águas subterrâneas durante e após o Terremoro Hanshin-Awji (1995) e o Grande Terremoto do Leste do Japão (2011), Japão

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Abstract

Many big earthquakes have occurred in the tectonic regions of the world, especially in Japan. Earthquakes often cause damage to crucial life services such as water, gas and electricity supply systems and even the sewage system in urban and rural areas. The most severe problem for people affected by earthquakes is access to water for their drinking/cooking and toilet flushing. Securing safe water for daily life in an earthquake emergency requires the establishment of countermeasures, especially in a mega city like Tokyo. This paper described some examples of groundwater use in earthquake emergencies, with reference to reports, books and newspapers published in Japan. The consensus is that groundwater, as a source of water, plays a major role in earthquake emergencies, especially where the accessibility of wells coincides with the emergency need. It is also important to introduce a registration system for citizen-owned and company wells that can form the basis of a cooperative during a disaster; such a registration system was implemented by many Japanese local governments after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and is one of the most effective countermeasures for groundwater use in an earthquake emergency. Emphasis is also placed the importance of establishing of a continuous monitoring system of groundwater conditions for both quantity and quality during non-emergency periods.

Résumé

Beaucoup de grands tremblements de terre ont eu lieu dans les régions tectoniques du monde, notamment au Japon. Les tremblements de terre causent souvent des dégâts aux services cruciaux pour la vie comme les systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau, gaz et électricité et également le système des eaux usées dans les zones urbaines et rurales. Le problème le plus grave pour les personnes affectées par des tremblements de terre est l’accès à l’eau potable pour la boisson/cuisine et pour les chasses d’eau des toilettes. La sécurisation d’une eau de qualité pour la vie quotidienne en cas d’urgence suite à un tremblement de terre nécessité la mise en place de mesures, en particulier dans une mégapole comme Tokyo. Cet article décrit quelques exemples d'utilisation des eaux souterraines dans les situations d’urgence suite à un tremblement de terre, en référence à des rapports, livres et journaux publiés au Japon. Il en ressort un consensus sur le fait que l’eau souterraine en tant que source d’eau, joue un rôle majeur dans les situations d’urgence lors de tremblements de terre, en particulier là où l’accessibilité des puits correspond avec la nécessité d’urgence. Il est également important d’introduire un système d’enregistrement pour les puits appartenant à des citoyens et des industriels, qui peut constituer la base d’une coopérative lors d’une catastrophe; un tel système d’enregistrement a été mis en œuvre par de nombreux gouvernements locaux au Japon après le tremblement de terre de Hanshin-Awaji en 1995 et le tremblement de terre du Grand Est du Japon en 2011, et constitue une des contre-mesures la plus efficace pour l’utilisation d’eau souterraine en cas d’urgence lors d’un tremblement de terre. L’accent est également mis sur l’importance d’établir un système de suivi continu des conditions des eaux souterraines, aussi bien pour la quantité que pour la qualité pendant les périodes de non urgence.

Resumen

Muchos grandes terremotos han ocurrido en las regiones tectónicas del mundo, especialmente en Japón. A menudo los terremotos suelen causar daños a los servicios cruciales de la vida, como los sistemas de suministro de agua, electricidad y gas, incluso el sistema de alcantarillado en zonas urbanas y rurales de agua. El problema más grave para las personas afectadas por los terremotos es el acceso al agua para su consumo de bebida / cocina y las descargas de baños. Garantizar agua segura para la vida cotidiana en una emergencia de un terremoto requiere el establecimiento de contramedidas, especialmente en una mega ciudad como Tokio. Este artículo describe algunos ejemplos del uso del agua subterránea en situaciones de emergencia del terremoto, con referencia a informes, libros y periódicos publicados en Japón. El consenso es que el agua subterránea, como una fuente de agua, desempeña un papel principal en situaciones de emergencia sísmica, especialmente donde la accesibilidad de los pozos coincide con la necesidad de la emergencia. Es también importante introducir un sistema de registros para pozos de propiedad de los ciudadanos y empresas que pueden formar la base de una cooperativa durante un desastre; tal sistema de registro se implementó a cabo por muchos gobiernos japoneses locales después del terremoto de Hanshin-Awaji en 1995 y del gran terremoto del oriente japonés en 2011, y es una de las contramedidas más efectivas para el uso del agua subterránea en caso de emergencia sísmica. También se hace hincapié en la importancia de establecer un sistema de monitoreo continuo de las condiciones de las aguas subterráneas tanto en cantidad como en calidad durante los períodos que no son de emergencia.

摘要

许多大的地震发生在世界上构造地区,特别是在日本。地震常常对重要生活设施诸如水、燃气和电力供应系统,甚至对城镇和乡村的污水下水道系统造成损坏。人们受到地震影响最严重的问题就是获取饮用水/烹调用水及厕所用水。在地震紧急情况下保障日常生活的安全供水需要建立应对策略,特别是在东京这样的超大城市。本文根据日本出版的一些报告、书籍和报纸描述了地震紧急情况下地下水使用的一些例子。共识就是地下水作为水源在地震紧急情况下发挥着主要作用,特别是在水井就在紧急需要用水的地方。推行居民自有水井及公司水井的登记制度也非常重要,这些水井可以在灾难期间形成合作社的基础。这样的登记制度在1995年阪神-淡路大地震和2011年东日本大地震之后由许多日本当地政府来完成,登记制度是地震紧急情况下使用地下水最有效的措施之一。本文重点强调了非紧急时期建立一个地下水水质和水量状况连续监测系统的重要性。

Resumo

Muitos dos grandes terremotos têm ocorrido nas regiões tectônicas do mundo, especialmente no Japão. Terremotos frequentemente causam danos para os serviços essenciais da vida, como os sistemas de fornecimento de água, gás e energia elétrica e também sistemas de esgoto em áreas urbanas e rurais. O problema mais grave para as pessoas afetadas pelos terremotos é o acesso a água para beber/cozinhar e uso sanitário. Garantir água segura para a vida diária em emergências de terremoto requer o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas, especialmente em megacidades como Tóquio. Este artigo descreve alguns exemplos de uso das águas subterrâneas em situações de emergências de terremoto, com referência a relatórios, livros e jornais publicados no Japão. O consenso é de que as águas subterrâneas, como fonte de água, desempenham um papel fundamental em emergências de terremoto, especialmente onde a acessibilidade dos poços coincide com a necessidade emergencial. É importante também introduzir um sistema de registro para cidadãos e para empresas de poços, os quais podem formar a base de uma cooperativa durante um desastre; tal sistema de registro foi implementado por muitos governos locais japoneses depois do Terremoto Hanshin-Awaji em 1995 e do Grande Terremoto do Leste do Japão em 2011, e é uma das mais efetivas medidas de prevenção para uso das águas subterrâneas em uma situação de emergência de terremoto. Também é enfatizada a importância da criação de um sistema de monitoramento continuo das condições de águas subterrâneas, tanto para quantidade como qualidade durante períodos não emergenciais.

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Acknowledgements

The author appreciates Prof. Jaroslav Vrba, UNESCO consultant, for his kind invitation to submit this article for the special issue of Hydrogeology Journal. The author also wishes to thank Dr. Robert M. Delinom for his insightful check of the paper. Editor Dr. Elizabeth Screaton, the associate editor, and the reviewer Daniel Feinstein and an anonymous reviewer of the paper are gratefully recognized for their detailed comments, which improved the final version of this paper.

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Correspondence to Tadashi Tanaka.

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This article belongs to a group of articles that consider groundwater resources for risk reduction in emergencies

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Tanaka, T. Measures for groundwater security during and after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake (1995) and the Great East Japan earthquake (2011), Japan. Hydrogeol J 24, 277–286 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1352-0

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