Abstract
The suitability of a combined water system (CWS) is assessed for meeting drinking-water demand for the city of Arkhangelsk (northwestern Russian Federation), instead of using the polluted surface water of the Northern Dvina River. An appropriate aquifer system (Permilovo groundwater basin) was found and explored in the 1980s, and there were plans then to operate an abstraction scheme using traditional pumping methods. However, the 1980s planned water system was abandoned due to projected impermissible stream depletion such that complete interception of the cone of depression with the riverbed would cause the riverbed to become dry. The design of a CWS is now offered as an approach to addressing this environmental problem. Several sets of major pumping wells associated with the CWS are located on the banks of Vaymuga River and induce infiltration from the stream. The deficiency of the stream flow in dry seasons is compensated for by pumping from aquifer storage. A numerical model was constructed using MODFLOW-2000. The results of the simulation showed the efficiency of the compensation pumping. The streamflow depletion caused by the CWS is equal to the minimum permissible stream flow and is lower than the depletion projected by the abandoned plan. Application of the CWS in the Permilovo groundwater basin makes it possible to meet water demands during water-limited periods and to avoid environmental problems.
Résumé
La pertinence d’un système d’eau combine (SEC) est évaluée pour satisfaire la demande en eau potable pour la ville d’Arkhangelsk (Nord-Ouest de la Fédération de Russie), au lieu d’utiliser de l’eau de surface contaminée du nord de la rivière Dvina. Un système aquifère approprié (le bassin d’eaux souterraines de Permilovo) a été découvert et exploré dans les années 1980, et il y avait des plans alors pour faire fonctionner un schéma d’abstraction en utilisant des méthodes de pompage traditionnelles. Cependant, le système d’eau aménagé dans les années 1980 a été abandonné en raison d’un épuisement projeté inadmissible du cours d’eau tel que l’interception complète du cône de dépression au niveau du lit du cours d’eau cause l’asséchement du lit du cours d’eau. La conception d’un SEC est maintenant proposée par une approche permettant de résoudre ce problème environnemental. Plusieurs ensembles de puits de pompage associés avec le SEC sont localisés sur les rives de la rivière Vaymuga et favorisent l’infiltration du cours d’eau. Le déficit d’écoulement du cours d’eau pendant les périodes de basses eaux est compensé par le pompage dans l’aquifère. Un modèle numérique a été construit en utilisant MODFLOW-2000. Les résultats de la simulation ont montré l’efficacité des pompages de compensation. L’épuisement de l’écoulement du cours d’eau causé par le SEC est égal au débit minimum admissible du cours d’eau et est inférieur à la déplétion prévue dans le plan abandonné. L’application du SEC dans le bassin d’eaux souterraines de Permilovo permet de répondre à la demande en eau pendant des périodes limitées en eau et éviter des problèmes environnementaux.
Resumen
Se evalúa la aptitud de un sistema combinado de agua (CWS) para satisfacer la demanda de agua potable a la ciudad de Arkhangelsk (noroeste de Rusia), en lugar de utilizar el agua superficial contaminada del río Dvina del Norte. En la década de 1980 se encontró y exploró un sistema acuífero apropiado (cuenca de agua subterránea de Permilovo), y hubo en ese entonces planes para operar un sistema de extracción utilizando métodos tradicionales de bombeo. Sin embargo, en esos mismos años 80 se abandonaron esos planes debido al agotamiento permitido de la corriente causaría que la intercepción del cono de la depresión con el lecho del río produciría que el cauce del río se seque. Ahora se ofrece el diseño de un CWS para hacer frente a este problema ambiental. Se localizaron varios conjuntos de pozos principales de bombeo asociados con las CWS en las márgenes del río Vaymuga y se induce la infiltración a partir de la corriente. La deficiencia del flujo de la corriente en la época seca se compensa bombeando desde el almacenamiento del acuífero. Se construyó un modelo numérico utilizando MODFLOW-2000. Los resultados de la simulación mostraron la eficiencia del bombeo por la compensación. El agotamiento del flujo causado por el CWS es igual al mínimo permisible de la corriente y es menor al agotamiento proyectado por el plan abandonado. La aplicación de las CWS en la cuenca subterránea Permilovo hace posible satisfacer la demanda de agua durante los períodos de escasez de agua y para evitar problemas ambientales.
摘要
为满足(俄罗斯西北地区)Arkhangelsk市饮用水需求,在不用北部的Dvina河污染的地表水条件下,对联合的水系统的适用性进行了评价。20世纪80年代,发现并开发了一个合适的含水层系统(Permilovo 地下水盆地),随后还制定了采用传统抽水方法的抽水运行计划。然而,由于预测的不许可的河水消耗以至于下降漏斗和河床的完全拦截会导致河床干涸,因此,20世纪80年代计划的水系统被放弃。如今联合水系统的设计作为解决这个环境问题的方法被提了出来。与联合水系统相关的几套主要抽水井位于Vaymuga河两岸,引起了河水的入渗。干旱季节河水的匮乏通过抽取含水层储量补偿。采用MODFLOW-2000建立了数值模型。模拟结果显示了补偿抽水的效益。联合的水系统引起的河水损耗等于最小的允许河流量,低于放弃的计划所预测的消耗。在Permilovo 地下水盆地应用联合的水系统使水受限期间满足水需求及避免环境问题成为可能。
Resumo
A adequação de um sistema de agua combinado (SAC) é avaliada por compreender a demanda de água potável da cidade de Arkhangelsk (noroeste da Federação Russa), ao invés da utilização da água superficial poluída do rio ao norte de Dvina. Um sistema aquífero apropriado (bacia de águas subterrâneas Permilovo) foi encontrado e explorado nos anos 1980, e haviam planos para a operação de um esquema de abstração utilizando métodos tradicionais de bombeamento. Entretanto, o sistema de planejamento hídrico dos anos 1980 foi abandonado por causa da depleção do córrego projetada de forma não permissível, visto que uma interceptação completa do cone de depressão com a base do rio poderia causar a drenagem do leito do rio. O design de um SAC é agora oferecido como uma abordagem para amenizar o problema ambiental. Alguns conjuntos de poços de bombeamento maiores associados com o SAC foram posicionados nos bancos do rio Vaymuga e induziram infiltração para o fluxo do córrego. A deficiência no sistema de vazão em temporadas secas é compensada pelo bombeamento do armazenamento do aquífero. Um modelo numérico foi construído utilizando MODFLOW-2000. Os resultados da simulação mostraram a eficiência do bombeamento de compensação. A depleção do fluxo do córrego causada pelo SAC é igual a vazão mínima permissível e menor que a depleção projetada pelo plano abandonado. A aplicação do SAC na bacia de águas subterrâneas do Permilovo torna possível atingir a demanda durante os períodos de água limitada e evitar problemas ambientais
Аннотация
Рассматривается возможность применения комбинированных водозаборных систем (КВС) для обеспечения города Архангельска (северо-западная часть Российской Федерации) питьевой водой вместо использования в настоящее время загрязненных поверхностных вод Северной Двины. Перспективное месторождение подземных вод (Пермиловское) было найдено и разведано в 1980-е, был разработан проект эксплуатации водозабора, состоящий из традиционных береговых скважин. Однако предложенная в 1980-е водозаборная система не была введена в эксплуатацию, так как прогноз ее работы показал недопустимый ущерб речному стоку вплоть до полного его перехвата. Использование КВС предлагается для решения этой экологической проблемы. Основные водозаборные участки располагаются на берегу р. Ваймуги, их дебит обеспечивается речным стоком. Дефицит речного стока в маловодные периоды покрывается водоотбором из компенсационного водозабора, дебит которого обеспечивается емкостными запасами водоносного горизонта. Была разработана численная модель месторождения подземных вод с помощью программного пакета MODFLOW-2000. Результаты моделирования показали эффективность применения компенсационного водоотбора подземных вод. Величина сокращенного расхода реки, полученная при работе КВC, равна минимально допустимому расходу реки и выше, а величина ущерба речному стоку меньше, чем при работе проектной водозаборной системы. Применение КВС на Пермиловском месторождении подземных вод позволяет решить вопрос водообеспечения в дефицитные периоды и избежать экологических проблем.
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Acknowledgements
These investigations were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 14-05-31325-mol-а and Russian Science Foundation No. 15-11-10015. The assistance and support of R. S. Shtengelov, S. P. Pozdnyakov, and others in the Hydrogeology Laboratory are acknowledged. The authors would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and corrections, which helped to improve the manuscript.
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Filimonova, E.A., Baldenkov, M.G. A combined-water-system approach for tackling water scarcity: application to the Permilovo groundwater basin, Russia. Hydrogeol J 24, 489–502 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1325-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1325-3