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Spatiotemporal variation of river temperature as a predictor of groundwater/surface-water interactions in an arid watershed in China

Variation spatiotemporelle de la température d’une rivière en tant qu’indicateurs prévisionnels des interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface dans un bassin versant aride en Chine

Variación espacio temporal de la temperatura de un río como un indicador de la interacción agua superficial / agua subterránea en una cuenca árida en China

中国干旱流域基于河流温度时空变化的地下水/地表水相互作用研究

Variação espaço-temporal da temperatura fluvial como um preditor de interações entre águas superficiais e subterrâneas em uma bacia hidrográfica árida na China

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Abstract

Interactions between groundwater and surface water in arid regions are complex, and recharge–discharge processes are often influenced by the hydrological regime, climate and geology. Traditional methods such as hydraulic gradient measuring by piezometers, differential discharge gauging and conservative tracer experiments, are often inadequate to capture the spatial and temporal variation of exchange rates. In this study, the distribution and the size of the overall groundwater inflow zone (GIZ) and the hyporheic inflow zone (HIZ) in the middle Heihe River Basin, northwest China, are characterized, and the relative inflow flux is estimated by high-resolution temperature measurements. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) was used to measure the mixing temperatures of a 5-km reach of streambed with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. The sampling interval was 0.25 m, and the temporal interval was 15 and 10 min at Pingchuan and Banqiao experimental sites, respectively. Two separate measurement periods in Pingchuan (Ping1, Ping2) captured different meteorological and stream-flow conditions. The results show that the number and the size range of the individual HIZs are greater than those of GIZs. Groundwater upwelling (GIZ) causes a larger decrease in river-water temperature with less inflow flux compared with the HIZ. The distribution pattern of HIZs and GIZs is influenced by the hydrodynamics of the river and the hydraulic permeability of the riverbed. High-resolution temperature variation based on DTS is an effective predictor of distributed inflows from groundwater upwelling and hyporheic exchange in an arid region.

Résumé

Les interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface dans les régions arides sont complexes, et les processus de recharge–décharge sont souvent influencés par le régime hydrologique, le climat et la géologie. Les méthodes traditionnelles, comme la mesure du gradient hydraulique à l’aide de piézomètres, le jaugeage différentiel et l’utilisation des traceurs conservatifs, sont souvent insuffisantes pour apprécier les variations spatiotemporelles des taux d’échanges. Dans cette étude, la distribution et la taille de la zone globale d’apport d’eaux souterraines (ZGE) et la zone d’apport hyporhéique (ZAH) du bassin moyen de la rivière Heihe, dans le nord-ouest de la Chine ont été caractérisées, et le flux relatif d’apport a été estimé à l’aide de mesures haute résolution de température. La détection de la distribution de la température (DTD) a été utilisée pour mesurer les températures de mélange le long d’un tronçon de 5 km de long avec une résolution spatiale de 0.5 m. L’intervalle d’échantillonnage est de 0.25 m et l’intervalle temporel est de 15 et de 10 min pour les sites expérimentaux de Pingchuan et de Banqiao respectivement. Deux périodes de mesure distinctes à Pingchuan (Ping1, Ping2) ont permis de caractériser des conditions météorologiques et des conditions d’écoulements différentes. Les résultats montrent que le nombre et l’ordre de grandeur des ZAH individualisées sont supérieurs à celles des ZGE. Une remontée d’eaux souterraines (ZGE) provoque une diminution plus importante de la température des eaux de rivière avec moins de flux d’apport en comparaison aux ZAH. Le modèle de distribution des ZAH et des ZGE est influencé par l’hydrodynamique de la rivière et par la conductivité hydraulique du lit de la rivière. Une variation de la température à haute résolution basée sur la DTD est un indicateur de prévision efficace des apports distribués de remontées d’eaux souterraines et d’échange hyporhérique dans une région aride.

Resumen

Las interacciones entre agua subterránea y agua superficial en regiones áridas son complejas, y los procesos de recarga–descarga están a menudo influenciados por el régimen hidrológico, el clima y la geología. Los métodos tradicionales, tales como las mediciones del gradiente hidráulico en piezómetros, el aforo de la descarga diferencial y los experimentos con trazadores, son a menudo insuficientes para captar la variación espacial y temporal de las tasas de intercambios. En este estudio, se caracterizan la distribución y el tamaño de la zona de la entrada general del agua subterránea (GIZ) y de la entrada de la zona hiporreica (HIZ) en la cuenca media del rio Heihe, noroeste de China, y se estima el flujo relativo de entrada por mediciones de alta resolución de la temperatura. Se usó la detección de la temperatura distribuida (DTS) para medir las temperaturas de mezcla hasta un alcance del cauce de 5-km con una resolución espacial de 0.5 m. El intervalo de muestreo fue 0.25 m, y el intervalo temporal fue de 15 y 10 min en los sitios experimentales de Pingchuan y Banqiao, respectivamente. Dos períodos de medidas separadas en Pingchuan (Ping1, Ping2) capturaron diferentes condiciones meteorológicas y del flujo de la corriente. Los resultados muestran que el número y el rango de tamaño de los HIZs individuales son mayores que aquellos de los GIZs. La surgencia de agua subterránea (GIZ) causa una mayor disminución en la temperatura de agua del río con un a menor entrada de flujo comparada con el HIZ. El esquema de distribución de HIZs y GIZs está influenciado por las hidrodinámicas del río y la permeabilidad hidráulica del lecho del río. La variación de alta resolución de la temperatura basada en DTS es un predictor efectivo de las entradas distribuidas de la surgencia de agua subterránea y del intercambio en una región árida.

摘要

干旱地区地下水和地表水之间的相互作用非常复杂,补给–排泄过程经常受到水文状况、气候和地质条件的影响。传统方法如测压计水力梯度测量、微分排泄测量和保守示踪剂实验通常不能充分捕捉到交换率的时空变化。在本项研究中,详细描述了中国西北地区黑河中游流域整体地下水补给带和潜流补给带的分布和规模,通过高分辨率温度测量结果估算了相对流入通量。利用分布式温度传感装置测量了5千米河床的混合温度,空间分辨率为0.5米。在平川和板桥试验场,采样间隔为0.25米,时间间隔分别为15分钟和10分钟。平川两个不同的测量周期(平川1和平川2)获取了不同的气象和河流状态。结果显示,每个潜流补给带的数量和大小范围比地下水补给带的要大。与潜流补给带相比,地下水上涌(地下水补给带)导致河水温度大幅下降,却伴随着较少的流入通量。地下水补给带和潜流补给带的分布模式受河流水动力学和河床的透水性影响。基于分布式温度传感装置的高分辨率温度变化是获取干旱地区地下水补给和潜流交换的有效方式。

Resumo

As interações entre águas subterrâneas e superficiais em regiões áridas são complexas, e os processos de recarga–descarga são geralmente influenciados pelo regime hidrológico, clima e geologia. Métodos tradicionais, como medição de gradiente hidráulico por piezômetros, quantificação da diferença entre vazão entre dois trechos de rio e experimentos com traçadores conservativos, são normalmente inadequados para capturar as variações espaciais e temporais das taxas de troca. Neste estudo, a distribuição e o tamanho da zona de fluxo de entrada de água subterrânea global (ZFEAS) e a zona hiporreica de fluxo de entrada (ZHFE) na Bacia do Rio Heihe, noroeste Chinês, são caracterizados, e o afluxo relativo é estimado por medições de temperatura em alta resolução. As temperaturas de mistura foram medidas por sensoriamento termal distribuído (STD) ao longo de 5 km do leito do rio com resolução espacial de 0.5 m. O intervalo de amostragem foi de 0.25 m, e o intervalo temporal foi de 15 e 10 min nas áreas experimentais em Pingchuan e Banqiao, respectivamente. Dois períodos distintos de medição em Pingchuan (Ping1, Ping2) capturaram diferentes condições meteorológicas e fluviométricas. Os resultados mostram que a quantidade e a amplitude de tamanhos de ZHFEs individuais são maiores que aquelas das ZFEASs. O fluxo ascendente de água subterrânea (ZFEAS), mesmo em menor quantidade, causa uma maior diminuição da temperatura da água no rio em comparação com a ZHFE. O padrão de distribuição de ZHFEs e ZFEASs é influenciado pela hidrodinâmica do rio e pela permeabilidade do leito. A variação de temperatura em alta resolução, baseada no STD, é um preditor efetivo da distribuição do fluxo ascendente de água subterrânea e troca hiporreica em regiões áridas.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91225301, 91125002 and 41271032). Yi Zheng, Bin Wu, Yue Hu, Xin Wu, Lishan Yu, and Sai Wang from the Institute of Water Sciences at Peking University contributed to the field work. The authors would like to thank John Selker and Scott Tyler for their advice and assistance in experimental design. The authors are also grateful to Steve Ingebritsen and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions.

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Yao, Y., Huang, X., Liu, J. et al. Spatiotemporal variation of river temperature as a predictor of groundwater/surface-water interactions in an arid watershed in China. Hydrogeol J 23, 999–1007 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1265-y

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