Abstract
Stable isotopes (δ 18O, δD), dissolved silica (DSi) concentration and major ion composition were used to indicate groundwater/surface-water interaction between the aquifers, the rivers and a lake in the high-latitude Lake Pyhäjärvi catchment in Finland. Significant differences were recorded in water chemistry between the groundwater and surface waters, especially in the stable isotope composition and DSi concentrations, which could thus be used as tracers. The baseline data on isotopic patterns and hydrogeochemistry in the hydrological cycle were provided by a 1-year monitoring survey in this snow-type catchment area. The proportions of groundwater in the rivers, the lake inshore area and in a groundwater abstraction plant were calculated using stable isotopes and DSi. Two inflowing rivers had distinct differences in their water chemistry. DSi has potential as a tracer in the river environment, whereas stable isotopes were more applicable in the lake environment. Locally, near the shoreline, the effect of discharging groundwater on the lake-water quality could clearly be observed. Furthermore, infiltration of the lake water into the aquifer could be observed near the pumping wells onshore. This infiltration presents a potential risk for the water quality of water supply (intake) wells. Frequent sampling is needed as part of the evaluation of the level of groundwater/surface-water interaction in snow-type catchments in order to estimate the magnitude of seasonal variation. In groundwater/surface-water interaction studies, spring thaw and high-precipitation events could be problematic, in terms of both sampling and interpreting results.
Résumé
Les isotopes stables de l’eau (δ 18O, δD), la concentration en silice dissoute (DSi) et la composition en ions majeurs sont utilisés comme indicateurs des interactions eau souterraine/eau de surface entre les aquifères, les rivières et un lac du bassin de haute latitude du lac Pyhäjärvi en Finlande. Des différences significatives sont enregistrées dans la chimie de l’eau entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface, essentiellement dans la composition isotopique et les concentrations en DSi qui peuvent donc être utilisés comme traceurs. Les données de base des schémas isotopique et de l’hydrogéochimie du cycle hydrologique proviennent d’un suivi d’une année effectué dans le bassin versant influencé par la neige. La part d’eau souterraine dans les rivières, le bassin côtier du lac et à une station de pompage d’eau a été calculée en utilisant les isotopes stables et la DSi. Deux affluents ont des signatures chimiques différentes. Le DSi a un potentiel de traçage plus marqué pour le système environnemental des rivières alors que les isotopes stables sont plus pertinents dans l’environnement lacustre. Localement, proche de la côte, l’effet de la décharge de l’aquifère se marque clairement sur la qualité chimique des eaux du lac. De plus, l’infiltration des eaux du lac dans l’aquifère peut être observé au niveau des puits de pompage dans les terres. This infiltration presents a potential risk for the water quality of water supply (intake) wells. Cette infiltration présente un risque possible sur la qualité des eaux des puits pour l’alimentation en eau potable. Un échantillonnage fréquent est nécessaire dans l’évaluation des interactions eau souterraine/eau de surface dans un bassin influencé par la neige afin d’estimer l’importance des variations saisonnières. Dans les études des interactions eau souterraine/eau de surface, les sources alimentées par la fonte de neige et les fortes précipitations peuvent être problématiques en termes d’échantillonnage et d’interprétation des résultats.
Resumen
Se usaron los isótopos estables (δ 18O, δD), la concentración de sílice disuelta (DSi) y la composición de iones mayoritarios para indicar la interacción agua subterránea / agua superficial entre los acuíferos, los ríos y un lago en la cuenca de altas latitudes del lago Pyhäjärvi en Finlandia. Se registraron diferencias significativas en la calidad química de las aguas subterráneas y superficiales, especialmente en la composición de isótopos estables y en las concentraciones de DSi, que podrían así ser usadas como trazadores. Los datos de línea de base sobre los patrones isotópicos y la hidrogeoquímica en el ciclo hidrológico fueron proporcionados por el monitoreo de un año en esta área de cuenca de tipo nival. Se calcularon las proporciones de agua subterránea en los ríos, en el área costera del lago y en una planta de extracción de agua subterránea usando isótopos estables y DSi. Dos ríos entrantes tuvieron diferencias distintivas en la calidad del agua. La DSi tiene potencial como un trazador en el ambiente del río, mientras los isótopos estables fueron más aplicables en el ambiente del lago. Localmente, cerca de la costa, se pudo observar claramente el efecto de la descarga del agua subterránea sobre la calidad del agua del agua. Además, se observó la infiltración del agua del lago hacia acuífero cerca de los pozos en las márgenes. Esta infiltración presenta un riesgo potencial para la calidad del agua de abastecimiento (consumo). Es necesario un muestreo frecuente como parte de la evaluación de los niveles de la interacción agua subterránea / agua superficial en las cuencas de tipo nival para estimar la magnitud de la variación estacional. En los estudios de la interacción agua subterránea / agua superficial, el deshielo de la primavera y los eventos de alta precipitación podrían ser problemáticos, en términos de los muestreos y de la interpretación de los resultados.
摘要
采用稳定同位素(δ 18O, δD)、溶解二氧化硅(DSi)含量及主要离子组分揭示芬兰高纬度Pyhäjärvi湖汇水区含水层、河流和湖泊之间的地下水、地表水相互作用。水化学成分中,特别是在稳定同位素组分和DSi含量中,记录了地下水和地表水之间的重要差别,因此,这些就可以用作示踪剂。这个积雪类型的汇水区一年监测调查提供了水循环中同位素模式和水文地质化学的基准数据。用稳定同位素和DSi计算了河流、湖泊近岸区和地下水抽取场地下水的比例。两条流入河流中的水化学成分明显不同。DSi在河流环境中具有充当示踪剂的潜力,而稳定同位素更适合于在湖泊环境中充当示踪剂。局部上,在湖岸线附近,可以很清楚地观测到排泄的地下水对湖水质量产生的影响。并且,岸边的抽水井附近可观测到湖水入渗到含水层的情况。这种入渗对供(摄入)水井的水质产生了潜在的风险。作为积雪类型汇水区地下水/地表水相互作用等级评价的一部分,需要经常采样,以估算季节性变化的幅度。在地下水/地表水相互作用研究中,而在采样和解译结果中泉水融化和高强度降水却是个问题。
Resumo
Isótopos estáveis (δ 18O, δD), a concentração de sílica dissolvida (DSi) e a composição iónica principal foram usados para indicar a interação águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais entre os aquíferos, os rios e um lago na bacia hidrográfica do Lago Pyhäjärvi de alta latitude, na Finlândia. Diferenças significativas foram registadas na química da água entre as águas subterrâneas e superficiais, especialmente na composição do isótopo estável e nas concentrações de DSi, que poderiam ser utilizados como traçadores. Os dados de referência sobre padrões isotópicos e hidrogeoquímica no ciclo hidrológico foram fornecidos por uma pesquisa de monitorização de um ano nesta área de bacia hidrográfica em zona de neve. As proporções de águas subterrâneas nos rios, no lago interior e num campo de captação de águas subterrâneas foram calculadas usando isótopos estáveis e DSi. Dois rios afluentes tiveram diferenças distintas na composição química das suas águas. A DSi tem potencial como marcador no ambiente do rio, enquanto isótopos estáveis foram mais aplicáveis no ambiente de lago. Localmente, perto da linha de costa do lago, o efeito da descarga de águas subterrâneas na qualidade da água do lago pôde ser claramente observado. Além disso, a infiltração da água do lago no aquífero pode ser observada perto dos poços de bombeamento em terra. Essa infiltração apresenta um risco potencial para a qualidade da água dos poços de abastecimento. A amostragem frequente é necessária como parte da avaliação do nível de interação águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais em bacias em zonas de neve, a fim de estimar a magnitude da variação sazonal. Em estudos de interação água subterrânea/água superficial, o degelo da primavera e eventos de grande precipitação podem ser problemáticos, tanto em termos de amostragem, como na interpretação dos resultados.
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The research is a collaboration between the University of Helsinki and Pyhäjärvi Institute, funded by the Maa- ja Vesitekniikan Tuki Foundation and the K.H. Renlund Foundation. We thank Professors Bjørn Kløve and Veli-Pekka Salonen for constructive comments and suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript.
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Rautio, A., Korkka-Niemi, K. Chemical and isotopic tracers indicating groundwater/surface-water interaction within a boreal lake catchment in Finland. Hydrogeol J 23, 687–705 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1234-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1234-5