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Review: Carbonate aquifers and future perspectives of karst hydrogeology in India

Revue: Les aquifères carbonates et les perspectives d’avenir pour l’hydrogéologie karstique en Inde

Revisión: Acuíferos carbonáticos y perspectivas futuras de la hidrogeología kárstica en India

综述:印度碳酸盐岩含水层和岩溶水文地质的未来前景

Análise: Aquíferos carbonatados e perspetivas futuras da hidrogeologia cársica na Índia

Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

About 3 % of India’s total land surface is occupied by carbonate rocks which are mostly karstified and constitute a significant source of groundwater. The groundwater drawn from these aquifers matches the water demand of ~35 million people living in 106 districts of the country and also the water needs of livestock, irrigation and industry. The studies on karst in India carried out so far have mostly addressed geology, hydrology and groundwater contamination. A literature survey suggests that there is a need for detailed research, applying new approaches and techniques for proper carbonate aquifer identification, characterization and management. Such specific approaches will improve modeling, exploitation and protection of karst groundwater. An overview of the research carried out on groundwater resources of karst formations in India is presented, which also throws light on the protection of karst aquifers from existing anthropogenic activities such as mining and groundwater over-exploitation.

Résumé

Quelques 3 % de la surface totale de l’Inde sont occupés par des roches carbonatées qui sont le plus souvent karstifiées et constituent une ressource significative en eaux souterraines. L’eau souterraine extraite de ces aquifères satisfait les besoins en eau de quelques 35 millions de personnes vivant dans 106 districts du pays ainsi que les besoins en eau pour le bétail, l’irrigation et l’industrie. Les études menées sur le karst en Inde jusqu’à présent ont surtout abordé la géologie, l’hydrologie et la contamination des eaux souterraines. Une revue de la littérature suggère qu’il existe un besoin pour des recherches approfondies, avec l’application de nouvelles approches et techniques pour une identification correcte des aquifères carbonatés, de leur caractérisation et leur gestion. Ces approches spécifiques permettront d’améliorer la modélisation, l’exploitation et la protection des eaux souterraines en milieu karstique. Un aperçu de recherches menées sur les ressources en eaux souterraines des formations karstiques en Inde est présenté, éclairant aussi la protection des aquifères karstiques vis-à-vis des activités anthropiques existantes, telles que l’exploitation minière et la surexploitation des eaux souterraines.

Resumen

Alrededor del 3 % de la superficie total de India está ocupado por rocas carbonáticas que están en su mayoría karstificadas y constituyen una fuente significativa de agua subterránea. El agua subterránea extraída de estos acuíferos se corresponde con la demanda de ~35 millones de habitantes que viven en 106 distritos del país y también las necesidades de agua del ganado, irrigación e industria. Los estudios sobre karst en India llevados a cabo hasta el momento se dedicaron mayormente a la geología, hidrología y contaminación del agua subterránea. Un relevamiento de la literatura sugiere que existe una necesidad de investigación detallada, aplicando nuevos enfoques y técnicas para la identificación apropiada del acuífero carbonático, la caracterización y el manejo. Tales enfoques específicos mejorarán la modelación, la explotación y la protección del agua subterránea del karst. Se presenta una visión general de la investigación llevada a cabo sobre los recursos de agua subterránea de las formaciones kárstica en India, que también arroja luz sobre la protección de los acuíferos kársticos de la actividad antropogénica existente, tales como minería y sobreexplotación de agua subterránea.

摘要

印度地表面积的大约 3%为碳酸盐岩,大部分已经岩溶化,构成了重要的地下水来源。从这些含水层抽取的地下水能够满足全国106个地区大约3500万人口的用水需求,以及牲畜、灌溉和工业用水需求。到目前为止,印度进行的岩溶方面的研究主要侧重于地质、水文和地下水污染。文献调查表明,需要采用新方法和新技术对碳酸盐含水层的识别、特征描述和管理进行详尽的研究。这样特定的方法可以改进岩溶地下水的模拟、开采和保护。本文综述了印度岩溶地层地下水资源方面的研究成果,同时还论述了目前人类活动如采矿和地下水超采下岩溶含水层的保护。

Resumo

Cerca de 3 % da superfície total da Índia é ocupada por rochas carbonatadas, na sua maioria carsificadas, e que constituem uma importante fonte de águas subterrâneas. As águas subterrâneas extraídas desses aquíferos coincidem com a procura de água de cerca de 35 milhões de pessoas, pertencentes a 106 distritos do país, incluindo também as necessidades de água para o gado, rega e indústria. Os estudos realizados até agora sobre os carsos na Índia são, na sua maioria, estudos clássicos relativos à geologia, hidrologia e contaminação de águas subterrâneas. A revisão da literatura sugere que há necessidade de uma investigação detalhada, utilizando novas abordagens e técnicas para a correta identificação de aquíferos carbonatados, sua caraterização e gestão. Tais abordagens específicas irão permitir melhorar a modelação, a exploração e a proteção das águas subterrâneas nas zonas cársicas. Apresenta-se uma visão geral da investigação levada a cabo sobre os recursos de águas subterrâneas em formações cársicas na Índia, lançando também luz sobre a proteção de aquíferos cársicos em relação a atividades antrópicas existentes, tais como mineração e sobre-exploração de águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute for permission to publish this work. The first author would like to thank the University Grants Commission for providing the JRF and SRF fellowship and the French Embassy for providing 4 months traineeship at BRGM France. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Jiu Jimmy Jiao, editor, and two anonymous reviewers for constructively reviewing the manuscript.

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  1. Indo-French Centre for Groundwater Research, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

    Farooq Ahmad Dar & Shakeel Ahmed

  2. BRGM, Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orleans Cedex 02, France

    Jerome Perrin

  3. Center for Earth and Space Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India

    Farooq Ahmad Dar & Allu China Narayana

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Dar, F.A., Perrin, J., Ahmed, S. et al. Review: Carbonate aquifers and future perspectives of karst hydrogeology in India. Hydrogeol J 22, 1493–1506 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1151-z

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