Abstract
Fractured-rock aquifers display spatially and temporally variable hydraulic conductivity generally attributed to variable fracture intensity and connectivity. Empirical evidence suggests fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are sensitive to in situ stress. This study investigates the sensitivity of fractured-rock hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow paths, and advection-dominated transport to variable shear and normal fracture stiffness magnitudes for a range of deviatoric stress states. Fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are solved for analytically using empirical hydromechanical coupling equations; groundwater flow paths and ages are then solved for numerically using groundwater flow and advection-dispersion equations in a traditional Toth basin. Results suggest hydraulic conductivity alteration is dominated by fracture normal closure, resulting in decreasing hydraulic conductivity and increasing groundwater age with depth, and decreased depth of long flow paths with decreasing normal stiffness. Shear dilation has minimal effect on hydraulic conductivity alteration for stress states investigated here. Results are interpreted to suggest that fracture normal stiffness influences hydraulic conductivity of hydraulically active fractures and, thus, affects flow and transport in shallow (<1 km) fractured-rock aquifers. It is suggested that observed depth-dependent hydraulic conductivity trends in fractured-rock aquifers throughout the world may be partly a manifestation of hydromechanical phenomena.
Résumé
Les aquifères fissures présentent une variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la conductivité hydraulique de manière générale attribuée à l’intensité et connectivité variable des fractures. L’évidence empirique suggère que l’ouverture des fractures et la conductivité hydraulique sont sensibles aux contraintes in situ. Cette étude examine la sensibilité de la conductivité hydraulique en contexte d’aquifère fissuré, l’organisation des écoulements souterrains, et le transport dominé par la convection au cisaillement et aux grandeurs de la rigidité de fractures normales pour une gamme d’états de contraintes déviatoriques. L’ouverture de la fracture et la conductivité hydraulique sont résolues à l’aide de solutions analytiques empiriques couplant l’hydromécanique; les écoulements d’eau souterraine et les âges sont alors résolues de manière numérique en utilisant les équations des écoulements souterrains et de convection–dispersion dans un modèle classique de bassin de Toth. Les résultats suggèrent que l’altération de la conductivité hydraulique est dominée par la fermeture des fractures normales, se traduisant par une diminution de la conductivité hydraulique et par l’augmentation de l’âge de l’eau souterraine avec la profondeur, et la diminution de la profondeur des longs trajets d’écoulement en fonction de la diminution de la rigidité normale. La dilation de cisaillement a un effet minimal sur l’altération de la conductivité hydraulique pour les conditions de contraintes étudiées. Les résultats interprétées suggèrent que la rigidité de la fracture normale influence la conductivité hydraulique des fractures activement du point de vue hydraulique, et ainsi affecte l’organisation des écoulements et le transport dans les aquifères fracturés peu profonds (<1 km). Il est suggéré que les tendances observées concernant la conductivité hydraulique en fonction de la profondeur dans les aquifères fracturés de par le monde peuvent être en partie le siège de phénomènes hydromécaniques.
Resumen
Los acuíferos en rocas fracturadas manifiestan una conductividad hidráulica espacialmente y temporalmente variable generalmente atribuida a la intensidad y conectividad variable de la fractura. La evidencia empírica sugiere que la apertura de la fractura y la conductividad hidráulica son sensibles a la tensión in situ. Este estudio investiga la sensibilidad de la conductividad hidráulica de la roca fracturada, las trayectorias del flujo de agua subterránea, y el transporte dominado por la advección respecto a las magnitudes del esfuerzo de cizalla y de la rigidez normal de las fracturas para un intervalo de estados de tensión. La apertura de las fracturas y la conductividad hidráulica se resuelven analíticamente usando ecuaciones empíricas hidromecánicas acopladas, trayectorias del flujo y edades del agua subterránea que son luego resueltas numéricamente usando el flujo de agua subterránea y ecuaciones de advección dispersión en una cuenca Toth tradicional. Los resultados sugieren que la alteración de la conductividad hidráulica está dominada por el cierre normal de las fracturas, lo que resulta en una conductividad hidráulica decreciente y una edad creciente del agua subterránea con la profundidad, y profundidad decreciente de trayectorias largas de flujo con la la rigidez normal decreciente. La dilatación por cizalla tiene un efecto mínimo sobre la alteración de la conductividad hidráulica para los estados de tensión aquí investigados. Los resultados interpretados sugieren que la rigidez normal de la fractura influye en la conductividad hidráulica de las fracturas hidráulicamente activas, y así afecta el flujo y transporte en acuíferos someros de rocas fracturadas (<1 km). Se sugiere que las tendencias observadas de la conductividad hidráulica dependiente de la profundidad en los acuíferos de rocas fracturadas a lo largo del mundo pueden ser parcialmente una manifestación de fenómenos hidromecánicos.
摘要
断裂岩含水层时空上显示出多变的水力传导率,这一般被认为是多变的断裂强度和连接度造成的。经验证据显示,断裂开度和水力传导率对原位应力非常敏感。本研究调查了断裂岩水力传导率、地下水流路径和平流主导的传输对一系列偏应力状态下多变的剪切和正常的断裂硬度量级的敏感性。采用经验流体力学耦合方程,解析了断裂开度和水力传导率;然后,采用地下水流和平流分散方程得到了传统特斯盆地中的地下水流路径和年龄。结果显示,水力传导率变更受断裂正常封闭度的控制,导致随深度增加,水利传导率降低和地下水年龄增加以及随正常硬度的降低,长的流径深度降低。对这里所调查的应力状态来说,剪切扩张对水力传导率的影响最小。解译的结果显示,断裂正常的硬度影响水力上活跃的断裂的水力传导率,从而影响浅层(<1 km)断裂岩含水层的水流和传输。表明世界上断裂岩含水层中观测的与深度有关的水力传导率可能在一定程度上显示出了流体力学现象。
Resumo
Os aquíferos fraturados apresentam uma condutividade hidráulica variável no espaço e no tempo, geralmente atribuída à variabilidade da intensidade e da conetividade das fraturas. Evidências empíricas sugerem que a abertura das fraturas e a condutividade hidráulica são sensíveis à tensão local. Este estudo investiga a sensibilidade da condutividade hidráulica de rochas fraturadas, dos padrões de fluxo subterrâneo e do transporte dominado por adveção, em relação a magnitudes variáveis de rigidez das fraturas normais e de cisalhamento, para um conjunto de desvios no estado de tensão. A abertura das fraturas e a condutividade hidráulica são determinados analiticamente usando equações de acoplamento hidromecânico empíricas; a idade e os percursos do fluxo de águas subterrâneas são então resolvidos numericamente usando equações do fluxo subterrâneo e de adveção-dispersão para uma bacia tradicional Toth. Os resultados sugerem que a modificação da condutividade hidráulica é dominada pelo fecho das fraturas normais, resultando na diminuição da condutividade hidráulica e no aumento da idade de água subterrânea com a profundidade, e numa diminuição da profundidade dos percursos de fluxo longos com a diminuição da rigidez normal. A dilatação por cisalhamento tem um efeito mínimo sobre a alteração da condutividade hidráulica para os estados de tensão aqui investigados. Os resultados são interpretados para sugerir que a rigidez das fraturas influencia a condutividade hidráulica das fraturas hidraulicamente ativas e, portanto, afeta o fluxo e o transporte em aquíferos fraturados pouco profundos (<1 km). É sugerido que as tendências observadas para a dependência entre a condutividade hidráulica e a profundidade em aquíferos de rochas fraturadas em todo o mundo possa ser, em parte, uma manifestação de fenómenos hidromecânicos.
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number EAR-0919357. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Earnest, E., Boutt, D. Investigating the role of hydromechanical coupling on flow and transport in shallow fractured-rock aquifers. Hydrogeol J 22, 1573–1591 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1148-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1148-7