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Quantifying baseflow and water-quality impacts from a gravel-dominated alluvial aquifer in an urban reach of a large Canadian river

Quantification du débit de base et des impacts sur la qualité de l’eau imputables à l’aquifère alluvial à prédominance graveleuse, dans la section urbaine d’une grande rivière canadienne

Cuantificación del flujo de base e impactos de la calidad del agua de un acuífero aluvial dominado por gravas en un área de un sector urbano en un gran río de Canadá

一条大的加拿大河城区段砾岩主导的冲积含水层定量基流和水质影响

Quantificação dos impactos no caudal de base e na qualidade da água de um aquífero aluvial grosseiro numa extensão urbana de um grande rio do Canadá

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Abstract

Groundwater discharge and non-point source (NPS) loading were evaluated along an urban reach of an eastern-slopes Rocky Mountains river (Bow River, Canada) to understand sources of water-quality impacts and baseflow. The discharge did not increase measurably over a 16-km reach. Groundwater in the river-connected alluvial aquifer was a mixture of river and prairie groundwater, with elevated chloride concentrations (average 379 mg L–1) from road salt. Alluvial groundwater was the major NPS of chloride discharging to the river. Although the mass-flux based estimates of groundwater discharge were small (mean 0.02 m3 s–1 km–1, SD = 0.04 m3 s–1 km–1, n = 30), the associated chloride mass flux over 16 km was significant (equivalent to that discharged from the city’s largest wastewater-treatment-plant effluent). Although local groundwater baseflow was previously thought to contribute significantly to overwinter baseflow in this reach, little contribution was measured in this study. Low baseflow generation is consistent with long-term river discharge data that show almost all of the baseflow generation occurs in the Rocky Mountain reach. Thus, local watershed areas are important for water-quality protection, but climate change in the headwaters is most salient to long-term flow.

Résumé

Le débit de la nappe et la charge d’une source polluante non ponctuelle ont été évalués tout au long de la section urbaine d’une rivière du versant Est des Montagnes Rocheuses (Bow River, Canada) afin d’appréhender l’origine des impacts sur la qualité de l’eau et le débit de base. Le débit n’augmente pas de manière mesurable sur un tronçon de 16 km. L’eau de l’aquifère en relation avec la rivière est un mélange de l’eau de la rivière et de l’eau de la plaine alluviale avec des concentrations élevées en chlorures (moyenne de 379 mg L–1) provenant du salage de la route. La nappe alluviale est la principale source non ponctuelle des chlorures se déversant dans la rivière. Bien que les estimations du débit souterrain, basées sur le flux massique soient basses (moyenne 0.02 m3 s–1 km–1, écart type = 0.04 m3 s–1 km–1, n = 30), le flux massique des chlorures associés sur les 16 km est significatif (équivalent à ceux déversés par les effluents du site de traitement d’eaux usées le plus important de la ville). Bien qu’on pensât précédemment que le débit de base souterrain local contribuait de manière significative à l’écoulement de la période hivernale sur cette section, la contribution mesurée au cours de cette étude est faible. Le soutien d’un débit de base faible est compatible avec les données de débit de long terme de la rivière, données qui montrent que la presque totalité du débit de base est générée dans les Montagnes Rocheuses. Ainsi, les surfaces du bassin versant local sont importantes pour la protection de la qualité de l’eau, mais le changement de climat sur les cours supérieurs est déterminant pour le flux à long terme.

Resumen

Se evaluaron la descarga de agua subterránea y las fuentes de carga no puntuales (NPS) a lo largo de un sector urbano de un río del faldeo este de las Rocky Mountains (Río Bow, Canadá) para entender las fuentes de los impactos en la calidad del agua y en el flujo de base. La descarga no se incrementó mensurablemente en un sector de 16 km. El agua subterránea del acuífero aluvial conectado al río fue una mezcla de agua subterránea del río y de la pradera, con una elevada concentración de cloruro (promedio 379 mg L–1) proveniente de sal de carretera. El agua subterránea aluvial fue el principal NPS de cloruro de descarga al río. Aunque la estimación del flujo de masa de base de la descarga de agua subterránea fueron pequeñas (media 0.02 m3 s–1 km–1, desvío estándar = 0.04 m3 s–1 km–1, n = 30), el flujo asociado de masa de cloruro sobre los 16 km fue significativo (equivalente a la descarga de la planta de tratamiento de efluentes de aguas servidas más grande de la ciudad). Aunque previamente se pensó que el flujo de base local de agua subterránea local contribuía significativamente al flujo base invernal en este tramo, poca fue la contribución medida en este estudio. La baja generación de flujo de base es consistente con los datos de descarga del río a largo plazo que muestran casi toda la generación del flujo de base que ocurre en el sector del Rocky Mountains. Así las áreas de cuencas drenajes locales son importantes para la protección de la calidad del agua, pero del cambio en el clima en las cabeceras es más importante en el flujo a largo plazo.

摘要

评价了沿落基山脉东坡河(加拿大弓河)城区段地下水补给和非点源载荷,以了解水质影响源和基流。在16公里长的流域中,补给没有增加。在与河相连的冲积含水层中的地下水为河和草原地下水的混合水,增加的氯化物含量来自路上的盐分(平均每升379毫克)。冲积地下水是排泄到河里的氯化物的主要非点源。尽管基于质量流量的地下水补给估算值很小(平均0.02 m3 s–1 km–1,,SD = 0.04 m3 s–1 km–1, n = 30),但16公里长的相关的氯化物质量流量仍然很大(相当于从城市最大废水处理厂排泄的量)。尽管先前认为局部地下水基流对本流域过冬基流贡献很大,但本研究中测量到的很少。产生低的基流和和长期河流排泄资料一致,资料显示几乎所有产生的基流出现在落基山脉。因此,局部汇水区对水质保护非常重要,水头中的气候变化对长期水流来说是最显著的。

Resumo

Foi avaliada a descarga de água subterrânea e a carga contaminante de origem não pontual (ONP) ao longo da extensão urbana de um rio das vertentes orientais das Montanhas Rochosas (rio Bow, Canadá) para se perceberem as origens dos impactos da qualidade da água e do caudal de base. A descarga não aumentou mensuravelmente numa extensão de 16-km. A água subterrânea no aquífero aluvial conectado ao rio era uma mistura de água fluvial e de água subterrânea da pradaria, com concentração elevada de cloreto (média de 379 mg L–1) proveniente da aplicação de sal rodoviário. A água subterrânea aluvial era a principal ONP para o cloreto que descarrega para o rio. Apesar das estimativas baseadas no fluxo mássico da água de descarga serem baixas (média 0.02 m3 s–1 km–1, desvio padrão. = 0.04 m3 s–1 km–1, n = 30), o fluxo mássico de cloreto associado ao longo dos 16 km era significativo (equivalente ao descarregado pelo efluente da principal estação de tratamento de águas residuais da cidade). Apesar de se considerar previamente que o caudal de base local contribuía significativamente nesta extensão para o caudal de base invernal, neste estudo foi medida uma escassa contribuição. A geração de um caudal de base escasso é consistente com os dados de largo prazo da descarga fluvial que mostram que quase toda a geração de caudal de base ocorre na região das Montanhas Rochosas. Desta forma, as áreas da bacia hidrográfica local são importantes para a proteção da qualidade da água; porém, as alterações climáticas nas zonas altas da bacia são mais importantes para o caudal de base a largo prazo.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by NSERC and the City of Calgary through the Industrial Post Graduate Scholarship program (AID 395711). The authors thank William Mathews, Nadine Taube, Cameron Robinson, Megan Semel, Nina Modeland, Chelsea Parker, Farzin Malekani, and Craig Pass for assistance. Review comments from Alan Fryar and one anonymous reviewer are also gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4

    L. J. Cantafio & M. C. Ryan

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Cantafio, L.J., Ryan, M.C. Quantifying baseflow and water-quality impacts from a gravel-dominated alluvial aquifer in an urban reach of a large Canadian river. Hydrogeol J 22, 957–970 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1088-7

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