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The origin of groundwater in Zhangye Basin, northwestern China, using isotopic signature

L’origine de l’eau souterraine dans le Bassin Zhangye, Nord-Ouest de la Chine, déterminée en utilisant la signature isotopique

El origen del agua subterránea en la Cuenca Zhangye, noroeste de China, usando la firma isotópica

中国西北张掖盆地地下水来源同位素特征

Origem da água subterrânea na Bacia de Zhangye, noroeste da China, utilizando a assinatura isotópica

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Abstract

Zhangye Basin, in arid northwestern China, has recently been repeatedly flooded by rising groundwater. Isotope signatures of sampled waters gained insight into the recharge source of the groundwater. The summer Heihe River water and most of the spring water in Zhangye and Yongchang basins plotted above the global meteoric water line (GMWL) on the δ18O-δD plot. The spring water had R/Ra ratio >1, low TDS and high tritium, which indicates origin from Qilian Mountain glacier meltwater. The groundwater of Qilian Mountains was transported to the Hexi Corridor (in which Zhangye Basin is located) through underground fault zones. Additionally, some of the groundwater in the alluvial plain, and all spring water surrounding Zhangye Basin, plotted below the GMWL on the δ18O-δD plot along an evaporation line, and had R/Ra ratio < 1 and high TDS. It is proposed that the Tibetan rivers or lakes source the Hexi Corridor groundwater through either the NE-trending or NW-trending buried fault zones. The isotopic signatures presented as part of this study rule out the conventional viewpoint that groundwater of the Zhangye Basin was recharged by local precipitation and infiltration of Heihe River water on the alluvial plain.

Résumé

Le Bassin du Zhangye, dans le Nord-Ouest aride de la Chine, a été récemment et de façon répétitive submergé par l’exsurgence d’eau souterraine. La signature isotopique d’échantillons d’eau prélevés sur site dans la zone source de la recharge a été établie. Les caractéristiques de l’eau d’été de la rivière Heihe et la plus grande partie des eaux de source des bassins Zhangye and Yongchang s’inscrivent au dessus de l’eau météoriques (GMWL) sur le graphe δ18O-δD. L’eau de printemps a un ration R/Ra >1, un TDS bas et un tritium élevé, ce qui indique une origine d’eau de fusion du glacier du glacier Qilian. L’eau souterraine des Montagnes Qilian s’écoule jusqu’au Corridor Hexi (dans le quel est localisé le Zhangye) à travers des zones souterraines faillées. De plus, une partie de l’eau souterraine de la plaine alluviale, et toute l’eau de source environnant le Bassin Zhangye, s’inscrit sous the GMWL du graphe δ18O-δD le long d’une ligne d’évaporation. Elle présente un ratio R/Ra <1 et un TDS élevé. On suggère que les rivières ou les lacs tibétains alimentent le Corridor Hexi à travers des zones faillées couvertes de directions soit NE soit NW. Les signatures isotopiques présentées dans une partie de cette étude excluent le point de vue classique considérant que la nappe du Bassin Zhangye est rechargée par les précipitations locales et infiltration d’eau de la Rivière Heihe dans la plaine alluviale.

Resumen

La Cuenca Zhangye, en el árido noroeste de China, se ha visto recientemente en repetidas ocasiones inundada por el ascenso del agua subterránea. Las firmas isotópicas de las aguas muestreadas han conseguido conocimiento sobre el origen de la recarga del agua subterránea. El agua de verano del Río Heihe y la mayor parte del agua de los manantiales en las cuencas de Zhangye y Yongchang se ubicaron por encima de la línea de agua meteórica global (GMWL) en el gráfico δ18O-δD. El agua de manantial tenía un cociente R/Ra >1, bajo TDS y alto tritio, lo cual indica su origen de agua de derretimiento del glaciar Qilian Mountain. El agua subterránea de Qilian Mountains fue transportada al Hexi Corridor (en la cual la Cuenca Zhangye está ubicada) a través de zonas de falla en el subsuelo. Adicionalmente, parte del agua subterránea en la planicie aluvial, y toda el agua de los manantiales que rodea a la cuenca Zhangye, plotearon por debajo de la GMWL en el gráfico δ18O-δD a lo largo de una línea de evaporación, y tuvo un cociente R/Ra < 1 y alto TDS. Se propone que los ríos o lagos tibetanos proceden del agua subterránea del Hexi Corridor ya sea a través de una tendencia NE o una tendencia NO de las zonas de fallas enterradas. Las firmas isotópicas presentadas como parte de este estudio elimina el punto de vista convencional de que el agua subterránea de la cuenca Zhangye fue recargada por precipitación local e infiltración de agua del Río Heihe en la planicie aluvial.

摘要

中国西北干旱区张掖盆地近几年来地下水位反复上升形成涝灾,同位素特征揭示了地下水的补给源。夏季的黑河水与张掖、永昌盆地大部分泉水中的δ18O-δD关系点都落在全球雨水线(GMWL)之上,泉水的R/Ra比值 > 1,TDS低、氚值高,表明祁连山的冰川融水渗入地下水后通过断裂带输送到了河西走廊(张掖盆地位于河西走廊)。此外,冲积平原上的一部分地下水与张掖盆地周围所有泉水的δ18O-δD关系点都落在全球雨水线(GMWL)之下,并沿着蒸发线分布,R/Ra比值 < 1,TDS高。据此推断,西藏的河流或湖泊的渗漏水通过NE向或NW向的隐伏断裂带补给河西走廊的地下水。通过分析不同区域与类型水中的同位素,排除了张掖盆地地下水来源于当地降水与黑河在冲积平原渗漏水的传统观点。

Resumo

A Bacia de Zhangye, no árido noroeste da China, tem sido recentemente inundada de forma repetida, devido à subida do nível freático. As assinaturas isotópicas de águas amostradas forneceram conhecimento acerca da origem da recarga das águas subterrâneas. No gráfico δ18O-δD, no verão, as águas do Rio Heihe e a maior parte das águas de nascente nas bacias de Zhangye e Yongchang posicionam-se acima da reta meteórica global (RMG). As águas de nascente possuem uma relação R/Ra >1, resíduo seco (RS) baixo e teor em trítio elevado, indicando uma origem das águas de degelo do glaciar da Montanha Qilian. O escoamento das águas subterrâneas da Montanha Qilian para o Corredor Hexi (no qual se localiza a Bacia de Zhangye) ocorre através de zonas de falhas geológicas. Adicionalmente, uma parte das águas subterrâneas na planície aluvial, e toda a água das nascentes envolventes da Bacia Zhangye, posicionam-se abaixo da RMG no gráfico δ18O-δD, ao longo de uma linha de evaporação, e têm uma relação R/Ra <1 e RS elevada. Sugere-se que os rios ou lagos tibetanos sejam a origem das águas subterrâneas do Corredor Hexi, através das zonas de falhas enterradas, com orientação NE ou NW. As assinaturas isotópicas apresentadas como parte deste estudo excluem o ponto de vista convencional de que a recarga das águas subterrâneas da Bacia do Zhangye seja por precipitação e infiltração local das águas do Rio Heihe na planície aluvial.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the help of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, where all analyses were undertaken. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology “973” project (2012CB417005), the Ministry of Education Fund for the Doctoral (20,090,094,110,007), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 50809024, 40703003, 40973001, and 40901017).

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Correspondence to Xiaoyan Liu.

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Chen, J., Liu, X., Sun, X. et al. The origin of groundwater in Zhangye Basin, northwestern China, using isotopic signature. Hydrogeol J 22, 411–424 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1051-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1051-7

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