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Permafrost degradation and subsurface-flow changes caused by surface warming trends

Dégradation du permafrost et changement des écoulements souterrains dus à des tendances au réchauffement de surface

La degradación del permafrost y los cambios en el flujo subsuperficial causado por las tendencias de calentamiento de la superficie

地表温度升高导致永久冻土退化和地下径流改变

Degradação do permafrost e alteração no escoamento subsuperficial devido a mudanças causadas por tendências de aquecimento superficial

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Abstract

Change dynamics of permafrost thaw, and associated changes in subsurface flow and seepage into surface water, are analysed for different warming trends in soil temperature at the ground surface with a three-phase two-component flow system coupled to heat transport. Changes in annual, seasonal and extreme flows are analysed for three warming-temperature trends, representing simplified climate-change scenarios. The results support previous studies of reduced temporal variability of groundwater flow across all investigated trends. Decreased intra-annual flow variability may thus serve as an early indicator of permafrost degradation before longer-term changes in mean flows are notable. This is advantageous since hydrological data are considerably easier to obtain, may be available in longer time series, and generally reflect larger-scale conditions than direct permafrost observations. The results further show that permafrost degradation first leads to increasing water discharge, which then decreases as the permafrost degradation progresses further to total thaw. The most pronounced changes occur for minimum annual flows. The configuration considered represents subsurface discharge from a generic heterogeneous soil-type domain.

Résumé

Le changement de dynamiques du dégel du permafrost et les changements associés des écoulements souterrains et des exfiltration vers les eaux de surface sont analysés pour différentes tendances de réchauffement de la température du sol à la surface selon un système d’écoulement triphasé à deux composantes couplé au transport de la chaleur. Les changements des écoulements annuels, saisonniers et extrêmes sont analysés pour trois tendances d’élévation de la température représentant des scénarios simplifiés de changement climatique. Les résultats sont cohérents avec des études antérieures concernant la réduction de la variabilité temporelle des écoulements souterrains pour toutes les tendances simulées. La diminution de la variabilité des écoulements inter annuels peut ainsi servir d’indicateur précoce de la dégradation du permafrost avant que l’effet des changements sur le long terme soit notable sur les écoulements moyens. Ceci représente un avantage du fait que les données hydrologiques sont beaucoup plus faciles à obtenir, peuvent être disponibles pour de longues séries temporelles et reflètent généralement des évolutions à plus grande échelle que des observations directes sur le permafrost. Les résultats de plus montrent que la dégradation du permafrost conduit d’abord à une augmentation des débits dans les zones de décharge, puis à leur diminution lors de la progression de la dégradation du permafrost jusqu’au dégel complet. Les modifications les plus marquées se produisent pour les écoulements annuels minimums. La configuration considérée concerne le débit d’écoulement souterrain dans les zones de décharge pour un sol type générique hétérogène.

Resumen

Se analiza la dinámica del cambio en el descongelamiento del permafrost, y los cambios asociados al flujo subsuperficial y a la infiltración del agua superficial, para diferentes tendencias de calentamiento en la temperatura de los suelos en la superficie del terreno con tres fases, dos componentes del sistema de flujo acoplados con el transporte de calor. Los cambios en los flujos anual, estacional y extremos son analizados para tres tendencias de las temperaturas de calentamiento representando escenarios simplificados de cambios climáticos. Los resultados se apoyan en estudios previos de la reducida variabilidad temporal del flujo de agua subterránea a través de todas las tendencias investigadas. La disminución de la variabilidad del flujo interanual puede así servir como un indicador temprano de la degradación del permafrost antes que los cambios a largo plazo en los flujos medios sean notables. Esto es ventajoso ya que los datos hidrológicos son considerablemente más fáciles de obtener, pueden estar disponibles en series de tiempo más largas, y generalmente reflejan condiciones de una escala mayor que las observaciones directas del permafrost. Los resultados además muestran que la degradación del permafrost primero lleva a un aumento en la descarga del agua, que luego disminuye cuando la degradación del permafrost progresa más allá del descongelamiento total. Los cambios más pronunciados ocurren para los flujos mínimos anuales. La configuración considerada representa la descarga subsuperficial a partir de un dominio genérico de un suelo de tipo heterogéneo.

摘要

本文通过耦合热交换三相、二组份流动系统探讨地表面土壤温度不同增温条件下永久冻土消融,以及与之相关的地下径流改变及地表水渗漏的变化动力学。将气候变化场景简化为三种不同的增温趋势,分析多年、季节性以及极端的径流变化。所有研究趋势下的结果均支持地下水径流时间变化减少这一先前研究。因此在年均径流长期变化量显著前,年内径流变化量减少可作为永久冻土退化的一个早期信号。因为水文数据相对容易获得,可能存在长时间序列,比起直接的冻土测量,通常更能反映大规模的条件,因此更为有利。结果进一步表明,永久冻土退化首先导致排泄量增加,然后随着永久冻土进一步解冻,排泄量减少。最显著的变化发生在年均径流量最小的时候。考虑的结构代表了来自各向异性土壤类型主导的地下排泄区。

Resumo

A mudança da dinâmica do degelo no permafrost e as correspondentes alterações no escoamento subsuperficial e na drenagem para as águas superficiais são analisadas para diferentes tendências de aquecimento da temperatura do solo à superfície do terreno com um sistema de fluxo, acoplado a transporte de calor, para três fases e duas componentes. São analisadas as mudanças dos escoamentos anuais, sazonais e extremos para três tendências de aumento de temperaturas, representando cenários simplificados de alterações climáticas. Os resultados apoiam estudos anteriores que mostram a reduzida variabilidade temporal do escoamento de água, atravessando todas as tendências investigadas. A diminuição da variabilidade do escoamento intra-anual pode, portanto, servir como um indicador precoce da degradação do permafrost, antes de se notarem mudanças nos escoamentos médios a prazos mais longos. Isto é vantajoso uma vez que os dados hidrológicos são consideravelmente mais fáceis de obter, podendo estar disponíveis séries temporais mais longas e, em geral, refletindo uma maior escala temporal que as condições de observação direta do permafrost. Os resultados mostram ainda que a primeira degradação do permafrost leva ao aumento da descarga de água, a qual, em seguida, diminui à medida que a degradação do permafrost progride mais para o descongelamento total. As mudanças mais acentuadas ocorrem para os escoamentos anuais mínimos. A configuração considerada representa a descarga subsuperficial proveniente de um domínio genérico de solo heterogéneo.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR; project number 2007-8393), and is part of the research within the Climate Community of the Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC).

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Correspondence to Andrew Frampton.

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Published in the theme issue “Hydrogeology of Cold Regions”

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Frampton, A., Painter, S.L. & Destouni, G. Permafrost degradation and subsurface-flow changes caused by surface warming trends. Hydrogeol J 21, 271–280 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0938-z

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