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Chemical and physical parameters as trace markers of anthropogenic-induced salinity in the Agua Amarga coastal aquifer (southern Spain)

Utilisation de paramètres chimiques et physiques comme marqueurs de la salinisation anthropique de l’aquifère côtier Agua Amarga (Espagne du sud)

Parámetros físicos y químicos como marcadores seguimiento de salinidad antropogénica inducida en el acuífero costero de Agua Amarga (sur de España)

化学和物理参数作为示踪剂研究西班牙南部Agua Amarga滨海含水层由于人为因素导致的盐度变化

Utilização de parâmetros físico-químicos como traçadores da salinização induzida antropogenicamente no aquífero costeiro Agua Amarga (sul de Espanha)

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Abstract

Agua Amarga coastal aquifer in southern Spain has been the subject of chemical and physical measurements since May 2008 in order to monitor the potential effects of water withdrawal for the Alicante desalination plants on the salt marsh linked to the aquifer. Electrical conductivity contour maps and depth profiles, piezometric-head contour maps, hydrochemical analyses, isotopic characterizations and temperature depth profiles show not only the saltwater intrusion caused by water abstraction, but also the presence of a pronounced convective density-driven flow below the salt marsh; this flow was a consequence of saltwork activity in the early 1900s which generated saline groundwater contamination. The influence of a seawater recharge programme, carried out over the salt marsh in 2009–2010, on the diminishing groundwater salinity and the recovery of groundwater levels is also studied. Based on collected field data, the project provides a deeper understanding of how these successive anthropogenic interventions have modified flow and mixing processes in Agua Amarga aquifer.

Résumé

L’aquifère côtier Agua Amarga, au sud de l’Espagne, a fait l’objet de mesures chimiques et physiques depuis mai 2008 afin de contrôler les effets potentiels de prélèvement d’eau pour les usines de dessalement d’Alicante, sur le marais salant en relation avec l’aquifère. Les cartes et les profils verticaux de conductivité électrique, les cartes piézomètriques, les analyses hydrochimiques, les caractérisations isotopiques et les profils de température en profondeur montrent non seulement l’intrusion d’eau salée causée par le prélèvement d’eau, mais aussi la présence de flux convectifs prononcés liés à la différence de densité sous le marais salant; ce flux est la conséquence de l’activité de la saline au début des années 1900 qui a généré à une contamination saline de la nappe souterraine. L’influence du programme de recharge en eau de mer du marais salant en 2009–2010 sur la diminution de la salinité des eaux souterraines et le rétablissement des niveaux piézomètriques est également étudiée. Sur la base des données de terrain collectées, le projet fournit une explication plus fine de l’impact de ces interventions anthropiques successives sur les modifications de flux et des processus de mélange dans l’aquifère Agua Amarga.

Resumen

El acuífero costero de Agua Amarga en el sur de España ha sido objeto de mediciones físicas y químicas desde mayo de 2008 con el fin de monitorear los posibles efectos de la extracción de agua para las plantas de desalinización en Alicante en la marisma vinculada al acuífero. Los mapas de contornos de conductividad eléctrica y perfiles de profundidad, los mapas de contornos de carga piezométrica, análisis hidroquímicos, caracterización isotópica y perfiles de temperatura en profundidad muestran no sólo la intrusión de agua salada causada por la extracción de agua, sino también la presencia de un pronunciado flujo convectivo de densidad debajo de la marisma; este flujo fue una consecuencia de la refinería de sal a principios de 1900, lo cual generó la contaminación salina del agua subterránea. También se estudió la influencia de un programa de recarga de agua de mar, llevado a cabo en la marisma en 2009–2010, para la disminución de la salinidad y la recuperación de los niveles del agua subterránea. Sobre la base de los datos de campo recogidos, el proyecto ofrece una comprensión más profundo de como las intervenciones antropogénicas sucesivas han modificado el flujo y los procesos de mezcla en el acuífero de Agua Amarga.

摘要

自2008年5月起,为了监测抽取地下水对与这个含水层相连的盐沼上的Alicante海水淡化厂的潜在影响,我们对西班牙南部的Agua Amarga滨海含水层进行了物理和化学测试。电导率等值线图与深度剖面,水头等值线图,水化学分析,同位素特征以及温度-深度剖面显示,抽取地下水不仅引起了咸水入侵,并且在盐沼下方存在显著的由密度驱使的对流;这种对流是20世纪早期脱盐工作的结果,脱盐工作还造成了咸水污染。本文还研究了2009-2010年间在盐沼区实施的海水补给工程对地下水盐分的递减和地下水位恢复的影响。基于收集到的现场数据,本项目深入的阐述了连续的人为干预是如何改变Agua Amarga滨海含水层中的水流和混合过程的。

Resumo

O aquífero costeiro designado por Agua Amarga, no sul de Espanha, tem sido objeto de medições de parâmetros físico-químicos desde Maio de 2008, visando monitorizar os potenciais efeitos causados pela extração de água, para alimentar as plantas de dessalinização de Alicante, nas zonas de sapal com ligação a este aquífero. Mapas de isolinhas, perfis de condutividade elétrica em profundidade, mapas de isopiezas, análises hidroquímicas, caraterizações isotópicas e perfis em profundidade da temperatura mostram, não só a intrusão da água salgada causada pela captação de água, mas também a presença de uma acentuada densidade convetiva do fluxo sob o sapal; esse fluxo foi uma consequência da exploração salina no início dos anos 1900, o que gerou a contaminação salina das águas subterrâneas. A influência de um programa de recarga de água do mar, realizado ao longo da zona húmida entre os anos 2009–2010, sobre a salinidade da água subterrânea, bem como a recuperação dos níveis piezométricos, é também estudada. Com base nos dados de campo recolhidos, o projeto fornece uma compreensão mais profunda de como essas sucessivas intervenções antrópicas têm modificado o fluxo e os processos de mistura no aquífero de Agua Amarga.

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Acknowledgments

We thank anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments and special thanks go to the technical editorial advisor Sue Duncan for her detailed technical edit of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to I. Alhama Manteca.

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Alhama Manteca, I., Alhama, F. & Rodríguez Estrella, T. Chemical and physical parameters as trace markers of anthropogenic-induced salinity in the Agua Amarga coastal aquifer (southern Spain). Hydrogeol J 20, 1315–1329 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0876-9

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