Abstract
Relative recharge areas are evaluated using geochemical and isotopic tools, and inverse modeling. Geochemistry and water quality in springs discharging from a volcanic aquifer system in Guatemala are related to relative recharge area elevations and land use. Plagioclase feldspar and olivine react with volcanically derived CO2 to produce Ca-montmorillonite, chalcedony and goethite in the groundwater. Alkalinity, Mg, Ca, Na, and SiO2(aq) are produced, along with minor increases in Cl and SO4 concentrations. Variations in groundwater δD and δ18O values are attributed to recharge elevation and used in concert with geochemical evolution to distinguish local, intermediate, and regional flow systems. Springs with geochemically inferred short flow paths provided useful proxies to estimate an isotopic gradient for precipitation (−0.67 δ18O/100 m). No correlation between spring discharge and relative flow-path length or interpreted recharge elevation was observed. The conceptual model was consistent with evidence of anthropogenic impacts (sewage and manure) in springs recharged in the lower watershed where livestock and humans reside. Spring sampling is a low-budget approach that can be used to develop a useful conceptual model of the relative scale of groundwater flow (and appropriate watershed protection areas), particularly in volcanic terrain where wells and boreholes are scarce.
Résumé
Les aires d’alimentation propres sont évaluées en utilisant des outils géochimiques et isotopiques, et un modèle inverse. La géochimie et la qualité de l’eau des sources émergeant d’un système aquifère volcanique au Guatémala sont rapportées à l’altitude de chaque aire d’alimentation et à l’occupation des sols. Les feldspaths plagioclases et l’olivine réagissent avec le CO2 d’origine volcanique pour donner de la montmorillonite calcique, de la calcédoine et de la goethite dans l’eau souterraine. L’alcalinité, le Mg, le Ca, le Na et SiO2(aq) apparaissent, avec des augmentations mineures des concentrations en Cl et SO4. Les variations des valeurs du δD et du δ18O de l’eau souterraine sont rapportées à l’altitude de la recharge et utilisées de concert avec l’évolution géochimique pour distinguer les systèmes d’écoulement locaux, intermédiaires et régionaux. Les sources à chenaux caractérisés comme courts par la géochimie ont fourni des guides utiles pour estimer un gradient isotopique de précipitation (− 0.67 δ18O/100 m). Aucune corrélation entre le débit de la source et la longueur du chenal d’écoulement correspondant à l’altitude inférée de la recharge n’a été observée. Le modèle conceptuel s’accorde avec les impacts anthropiques (eaux résiduaires, fumures) sur les sources alimentées par la partie inférieure du bassin versant, où séjournent bétail et hommes. L’échantillonnage de sources est une démarche à petit budget, qui peut être suivie pour développer un modèle conceptuel utile à l’échelle de l’écoulement souterrain (et des aires de protection de bassin versant correspondantes), particulièrement dans le domaine volcanique, où puits et forages sont rares.
Resumen
Se evalúan las áreas relativas de recarga usando herramientas geoquímicas e isotópicas, y modelado inverso. Se relacionaron la calidad del agua y geoquímica en los manantiales que descargan a partir de un sistema acuífero volcánico en Guatemala con las elevaciones de áreas relativas de recarga y el uso de la tierra. Los feldepatos plagioclásicos y las olivinas reaccionan con el CO2 volcánico para producir Ca-montmorillonite, calcedonia y goethita en el agua subterránea. Se produce alcalinidad, Mg, Ca, Na, y SiO2(aq) conjuntamente con incrementos menores en las concentraciones de Cl y SO4. Las variaciones de los valores de δD y δ18O en el agua subterránea son atribuidos a la elevación de la recarga y utilizadas en combinación con la evolución geoquímica para distinguir sistemas de flujo local, intermedio y regional. Los manantiales con trayectos cortos de flujo deducibles geoquímicamente proveyeron aproximaciones útiles para estimar un gradiente isotópico de las precipitaciones (−0.67 δ18O/100 m). No se observó ninguna correlación entre la descarga del manantial y la longitud relativa de la trayectoria del flujo relativa o la elevación de la recarga interpretada. El modelo conceptual fue consistente con las evidencias de los impactos antropogénicos de aguas residuales y estiércol en manantiales recargados en la cuenca inferior donde reside el ganado y seres humanos. El muestreo del manantial es una aproximación de bajo costo que puede ser usada para desarrollar un modelo conceptual útil de la escala relativa del flujo de aguas subterráneas (y de áreas de protección apropiadas en la cuenca), particularmente en terrenos volcánicos donde los pozos y perforaciones son escasos.
摘要
本文利用地球化学、同位素技术及反向模拟方法评估相关补给区。危地马拉火山岩含水层系统排泄的泉水,其地球化学及水质与相关补给区高程和土地利用有关。在地下水中,斜长石与橄榄石和火山作用产生的CO2,反应生成蒙脱石、玉髓、针铁石。碱度、Mg、Ca、Na、SiO2(aq)增加,伴随有Cl 和SO4浓度的少量增加。地下水中δD 和 δ18O值的变化归因于补给高程,并结合地球化学演化区分局部的、中间的、区域的流动系统。基于地球化学推断的短流程泉水提供了用于评估降水的同位素梯度有效的替代指标(−0.67 δ18O/100 m)。泉水排泄和相对流程长度或者解译的补给高程之前的相关性未观测到。泉水在有牲畜和人类居住的流域下游接受补给,受人为影响(排污和施肥),概念模型与这些证据相一致。泉水采样是一个低成本的方法,可用于建立有用的一定尺度下的地下水流动概念模型(估计流域保护区),尤其在井和钻孔少的火山岩区适用。
Resumo
Neste artigo, áreas de recarga são avaliadas, utilizando técnicas geoquímicas e isotópicas e modelação inversa. A geoquímica e a qualidade da água de nascentes que descarregam de um sistema aquífero vulcânico localizado na Guatemala são relacionadas com as elevações relativas das áreas de recarga e o uso do solo. As plagioclases e a olivina reagem com o CO2 de origem vulcânica para produzir montmorilonite cálcica, calcedónia e goetite nas águas subterrâneas. A alcalinidade, o Mg, o Ca, o Na, e o SiO2(aq) são produzidos, ao mesmo tempo que se verificam pequenos aumentos das concentrações de Cl e SO4. As variações de δD e δ18O nas águas subterrâneas são atribuídas à recarga que ocorre nas áreas mais elevadas, que, em conjunto com a evolução geoquímica, permitem identificar sistemas de escoamento às escalas local, média e regional. As nascentes relacionadas com pequenas trajectórias de fluxo subterrâneo, inferidas geoquimicamente, permitem obter indicadores que são úteis para estimar gradientes de isótopos de precipitação (-0.67 δ18O/100 m). Não foi encontrada nenhuma correlação entre descargas de nascentes e distâncias de trajectórias de fluxo ou recargas que ocorram a diferentes altitudes. O modelo conceptual é consistente com a evidência de impactes antropogénicos (esgotos e estrume) em nascentes que são recarregadas na parte baixa da bacia hidrográfica, locais ocupados por animais e seres humanos. Este plano de amostragem de nascentes é caracterizado por ter um orçamento de baixo custo, podendo ser utilizado para desenvolver um modelo conceptual da escala relativa de fluxo das águas subterrâneas (e para uma apropriada protecção das bacias hidrográficas), particularmente em terrenos vulcânicos onde existam poucos poços e furos.





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Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by the Central American Water Resource Management Network (CARA; funded by the Canadian International Development Agency), the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Department of Geosciences at the University of Calgary, and Golder Associates. Field assistance by colleagues at the University of San Carlos and the community of Finca Sabana Grande was greatly appreciated. Comments from anonymous reviewers were also appreciated.
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Mulligan, B.M., Ryan, M.C. & Cámbara, T.P. Delineating volcanic aquifer recharge areas using geochemical and isotopic tools. Hydrogeol J 19, 1335–1347 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0766-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0766-6


