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Evaluating salinity sources of groundwater and implications for sustainable reverse osmosis desalination in coastal North Carolina, USA

Évaluation des sources de salinité des eaux souterraines et implications pour un usage durable de la désalinisation par osmose inverse sur la côte de Caroline du Nord, États-Unis

Evaluación de las fuentes de salinidad del agua subterránea e implicancias para la desalinización sustentable por ósmosis inversa en la costa de Carolina del Norte, EEUU

美国北卡罗来纳州海岸地下水盐分来源及其对可持续反渗透淡化的涵义

Avaliação das origens da salinidade em águas subterrâneas e implicações para a dessalinização sustentável por osmose inversa na zona costeira da Carolina do Norte, EUA

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Abstract

The natural and pumping-induced controls on groundwater salinization in the coastal aquifers of North Carolina, USA, and the implications for the performance of a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant have been investigated. Since installation of the well field in the Yorktown aquifer in Kill Devil Hills of Dare County during the late 1980s, the groundwater level has declined and salinity of groundwater has increased from ∼1,000 to ∼2,500 mg/L. Geochemical and boron isotope analyses suggest that the salinity increase is derived from an upflow of underlying saline groundwater and not from modern seawater intrusion. In the groundwater of four wells supplying the plant, elevated boron and arsenic concentrations were observed (1.3–1.4 mg/L and 8–53 μg/L, respectively). Major ions are effectively rejected by the RO membrane (96–99% removal), while boron and arsenic are not removed as effectively (16–42% and 54–75%, respectively). In coming decades, the expected rise of salinity will be associated with higher boron content in the groundwater and consequently also in the RO-produced water. In contrast, there is no expectation of an increase in the arsenic content of the salinized groundwater due to the lack of increase of arsenic with depth and salinity in Yorktown aquifer groundwater.

Résumé

Les facteurs qui régissent la salinisation naturelle et induite par pompage des eaux souterraines des aquifères côtiers de Caroline du Nord, États-Unis, et les implications sur les performances d’une usine de dessalement par osmose inverse (OI) ont été étudiés. Depuis la mise en fonctionnement, à la fin des années 80, du champ captant de l’aquifère de Yorktown à Kill Devil Hills, dans le district de Dare, le niveau piézométrique a baissé et la salinité de l’eau souterraine a augmenté, passant de ∼1,000 à ∼2,500 mg/L. La géochimie et les analyses isotopiques du bore suggèrent que l’augmentation de la salinité est due à une remontée d’eaux souterraines profondes salées et non à l’intrusion d’eau de mer actuelle. Des concentrations élevées en bore et en arsenic (respectivement 1.3–1.4 mg/L et 8–53 μg/L) ont été observées dans les eaux de quatre forages alimentant l’usine. Les ions majeurs sont efficacement éliminés par les membranes d’OI (96–99% d’élimination) alors que le bore et l’arsenic ne le sont pas aussi efficacement (respectivement 16–42 et 54–75%). Dans les prochaines décennies, l’augmentation attendue de la salinité sera associée à de plus fortes concentrations en bore dans les eaux souterraines et, par conséquent aussi, dans les eaux produites par OI. Au contraire, une augmentation des concentrations en arsenic des eaux souterraines salinisées n’est pas attendue car il n’y a pas d’augmentation des concentrations en arsenic avec la profondeur et la salinité dans l’aquifère de Yorktown.

Resumen

Se investigaron los controles naturales e inducidos por bombeo sobre la salinización del agua subterránea en los acuíferos costeros de Carolina del Norte, EEUU, y las implicancias para el rendimiento de una planta de ósmosis inversa (RO). Desde la instalación de un campo de pozos en el acuífero Yorktown en Kill Devil Hills de Dare County durante los fines de los 1980, el nivel de agua subterránea se ha profundizado y la salinidad del agua subterránea se han incrementado desde ∼1,000 a ∼2,500 mg/L. Los análisis geoquímicos de isótopos del boro sugieren que el incremento de la salinidad proviene del flujo ascendente de agua subterránea salina subyacente y no a partir de la intrusión de agua de mar moderna. En el agua subterránea de cuatro pozos que abastecen a la planta, se observaron elevados contenidos de boro y arsénico (1.3–1.4 mg/L and 8–53 μg/L, respectivamente). Los iones mayoritarios son efectivamente rechazados por la membrana RO (96–99% de eliminación), mientras que el boro y arsénico no son eliminados con efectividad (16–42 y 54–75%, respectivamente). En las próximas décadas, la elevación esperada de la salinidad será asociada con mayores contenidos de boro en el agua subterránea y consecuentemente también en el agua producida por RO. En contraste, no exista ninguna expectativa de un incremento en el contenido de arsénico del agua salinizada debido a la falta de un incremento de arsénico con la profundidad y la salinidad en el agua subterránea del acuífero de Yorktown.

摘要

本文研究了美国北卡罗来纳州海岸天然及抽水诱发的含水层地下水咸化及其对反渗透(RO)淡化厂有效性的涵义。八十年代末开始,由于Dare县Kill Devil山Yorktown水源地的使用,地下水水位下降,盐度从1,000 mg/L上升到2,500 mg/L。地球化学和硼同位素分析表明,盐分来源为下覆咸水的上涌,而不是现代海水入侵。在供应淡化厂的4口地下水井中,观测到较高的硼和砷浓度(分别为1.3–1.4 mg/L 和 8–53 μg/L)。主要离子被RO隔膜有效地阻隔(96–99%被清除),然而硼和砷并未被有效地阻隔(分别被清除16–42和54–75%)。可以预见,在未来数十年里,盐度的升高可以导致地下水中以及RO装置过滤后的水中的硼含量升高。与此相反,地下水中的砷含量不会升高,因为砷含量的与Yorktown含水层的深度及盐度关系不大。

Resumen

Investigaram-se os controlos naturais e induzidos por bombagem na salinização de águas subterrâneas de aquíferos costeiros da Carolina do Norte, EUA, e as implicações para o desempenho de uma central dessalinizadora por osmose inversa (OI). Desde a instalação do campo de captações no aquífero de Yorktown em Kill Devil Hills, no Dare County, durante o final da década de 1980, o nível das águas subterrâneas desceu e a salinidade das águas subterrâneas aumentou de ∼1,000 para ∼2,500 mg/L. As análises geoquímicas e do isótopo de boro sugerem que a subida da salinidade é devida à ascensão de fluxo de águas subterrâneas salinas subjacentes e não à intrusão de água do mar moderna. Nas águas subterrâneas de quatro furos que abastecem a central foram observadas concentrações elevadas de boro e arsénio (1.3–1.4 mg/L e 8–53 µg/L, respectivamente). Os iões maiores são efectivamente rejeitados pela membrana de OI (remoção de 96–99%), enquanto o boro e o arsénio não são removidos de modo tão eficaz (16–42 e 54–75%, respectivamente). Nas próximas décadas, a esperada subida da salinidade estará associada a teores de boro mais elevados nas águas subterrâneas e, consequentemente, também na água produzida por OI. Em contraste, não é expectável que o teor de arsénio da água subterrânea salinizada aumente, uma vez que não há um incremento dos valores de arsénio nem com a profundidade, nem com a salinidade das águas subterrâneas no aquífero de Yorktown.

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Acknowledgements

Dare County Water Department personnel provided access and sampling assistance. Additional field and lab assistance was provided by H. Raanan of the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences at Duke University, A. Slade of University of Auckland in New Zealand, J. Karr of Duke University Department of Biology, and P. Heine of the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. HS received an undergraduate student research grant awarded by the Duke University Undergraduate Research Support Office. Finally, the associate editor and two anonymous reviewers provided critical and thorough reviews of the manuscript.

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Vinson, D.S., Schwartz, H.G., Dwyer, G.S. et al. Evaluating salinity sources of groundwater and implications for sustainable reverse osmosis desalination in coastal North Carolina, USA. Hydrogeol J 19, 981–994 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0738-x

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