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Hydrogeological study of the intensely exploited aquifer of the Santa Croce leather-producing district, Tuscany (central Italy)

Etude hydrogéologique de l’aquifère intensément exploité dans le district producteur de cuir de Santa Croce, Toscane (Italie centrale)

Estudio hidrogeológico de un acuífero explotado intensamente en un distrito productor de cuero de Santa Croce, Toscana (Italia central)

Estudo hidrogeológico do aquífero intensamente explorado do distrito produtor de couro de Santa Croce, Toscânia, Itália central)

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Abstract

A hydrogeological study was undertaken to define the groundwater circulation in the Santa Croce area (Tuscany, central Italy) where the existing multilayered aquifer has long been intensively exploited. Investigations carried out on about 150 wells revealed the existence of a deep piezometric depression (to 20 m below sea level) which drains groundwater from the entire surrounding area. Samples from about 70 water points, collected twice in 2007, were analysed for major elements and stable isotope composition. Three major groups of waters, which mix in the study area, have been distinguished: (1) waters of the Ca–Mg–HCO3 type mainly flowing along the Arno River Plain; (2) waters of the Na–K–Cl/Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4, type with SO4 content up to 275 mg/L, inflowing from the Pisane Hills; (3) relatively high-salinity waters mainly of the Na–HCO3 type which, with Cl concentrations up to 750 mg/L, likely arise from a normal fault located at the foot of the northern hills. The characteristics of the different components are greatly affected by significant modifying processes such as cation exchange and sulfate reduction. The achieved conceptual model suggests the southern hills as the main recharging area of the aquifer system from which water circulation, characterized by pathways of different length and depth, develops.

Résumé

Une étude hydrogéologique a été entreprise pour caractériser la circulation souterraine dans la zone de Santa Croce (Toscane, Italie centrale) où l’aquifère multicouche est exploité intensément depuis longtemps. Les investigations effectuées sur environ 150 puits ont révélé l’existence d’une profonde dépression piézométrique (jusqu’à 20 m sous le niveau de la mer) drainant l’eau souterraine de toute la zone environnante. Des échantillons prélevés à deux reprises en 2007 sur environ 70 points d’eau, ont été analysés pour déterminer les éléments majeurs et les isotopes stables. Trois types d’eaux principaux, qui se mélangent dans la zone d’étude, ont été distingués: (1) eaux de type Ca–Mg–HCO3 s’écoulant suivant la plaine de la rivière Arno; (2) eaux de type Na–K–Cl/Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4, contenant jusqu’à 275 mg/L de SO4, s’écoulant depuis les collines Pisane; (3) eaux de salinité relativement élevée de type Na–HCO3 qui, avec des concentrations en Cl atteignant 750 mg/L, surgissent probablement d’une faille normale située au pied des collines du Nord. Les caractéristiques des différents types d’eau sont fortement affectées par des processus tels échange cationique et réduction des sulfates. Le modèle conceptuel établi suggère que les collines du Sud sont la principale aire de recharge du système aquifère, aire depuis laquelle s’établit une circulation d’eau caractérisée par des trajectoires de longueur et de profondeur différentes.

Resumen

Se realizó un estudio hidrogeológico para definir la circulación de agua subterránea en el área de Santa Croce (Toscana, Italia Central) donde el acuífero multicapa existente es explotado intensamente. Las investigaciones realizadas en alrededor de 150 pozos revelaron la existencia de una depresión piezométrica profunda (a 20 m bajo del nivel del mar), que drena agua subterránea de toda la zona circundante. En las muestras de aproximadamente 70 puntos de agua, recolectadas dos veces en 2007, fueron analizados los elementos mayoritarios y la composición de isótopos estables. Se distinguieron tres grupos principales de agua, que se mezclan en la zona de estudio: (1) agua tipo Ca–Mg–HCO3 fluyendo principalmente a lo largo de la planicie del Río Arno, (2) agua tipo Na–K–Cl/Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4, con un contenido de SO4 de hasta 275 mg/L, influyente desde las colinas de Pisane; (3) aguas de relativamente alta salinidad, principalmente del tipo Na–HCO3 que, con concentraciones de Cl de hasta 750 mg/L, probablemente derivan de una falla normal situada en los pies de las colinas. Las características de los diferentes componentes se ven muy afectadas por importantes procesos modificantes como el intercambio catiónico y la reducción de sulfatos. El modelo conceptual logrado sugiere a las colinas del sur como la principal área de recarga del sistema acuífero desde la cual se desarrolla la circulación del agua, caracterizada por trayectorias de diferentes longitudes y profundidades.

Resumo

Foi efectuado um estudo hidrogeológico com vista à definição da circulação de água subterrânea na área de Santa Croce (Toscânia, Itália central), onde o aquífero multicamada tem sido intensivamente explorado. Investigações levadas a cabo em 150 furos revelaram a existência de uma forte depressão piezométrica (até 20 m abaixo do nível do mar), a qual drena a água subterrânea de toda a área circundante. Amostras de cerca de 70 pontos, recolhidas por duas vezes em 2007, foram analisadas em relação aos iões principais e à sua composição em isótopos estáveis. Três grandes grupos de águas foram identificados, as quais se misturam na área de estudo: (1) águas de tipo Ca–Mg–HCO3 fluem principalmente ao longo da planície do rio Arno; (2) águas de tipo Na–K–Cl/Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4, com conteúdos de SO4 acima de 275 mg/L, afluem a partir das Colinas Pisane; (3) águas com salinidade relativamente elevada, de tipologia fundamentalmente Na–HCO3, com concentrações de Cl até 750 mg/L, provêm provavelmente de uma falha normal localizada na base das colinas a norte. As caraterísticas dos diferentes componentes são fortemente influenciadas por processos de modificação como a troca catiónica e a redução de sulfatos. O modelo concetual a que se chegou sugere as colinas a sul como a área de recarga principal do sistema aquífero, a partir da qual a circulação de água, caraterizada por percursos de diferentes dimensões e profundidades, se desenvolvem.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Province Authority of Pisa and help from E. Calvi and S. Trifirò of the IGG who gave great support in sampling and carrying out isotope analyses.

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Correspondence to Sergio Grassi.

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Grassi, S., Doveri, M., Cortecci, G. et al. Hydrogeological study of the intensely exploited aquifer of the Santa Croce leather-producing district, Tuscany (central Italy). Hydrogeol J 19, 671–684 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0710-9

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