Abstract
Groundwater recharge is affected by land use in (semi)arid areas. A new application of the chloride-mass-balance approach has been developed to estimate the reduction in groundwater recharge following land-use change by comparing chloride concentrations below the root zone and above the base of the chloride accumulation zone, before and after the land-use conversion. Two sites in the Loess Plateau of central China have been selected for study. Results from the Guyuan terrace region show that groundwater recharge beneath natural sparse small-grass was 100 mm/year, but the conversion to winter wheat about 100 years ago has reduced groundwater recharge to 55 mm/year. At the Xifeng Loess Plain the conversion from winter wheat, with groundwater recharge at 33 mm/year, to apple orchard 7 years ago has led to chloride accumulation to 5 m below land surface, suggesting the recharge rate has been reduced. This is in agreement with previous studies in these areas which have shown that the regional afforestation and other land-use conversions have resulted in deep soil desiccation and have caused an upper boundary to form with low matrix potential, thus preventing the soil moisture from actually recharging the aquifer.
Résumé
La recharge des eaux souterraines est modifiée par l’occupation du sol dans les zones (semi)arides. Une application nouvelle du bilan de masse de chlorures a été développée pour estimer la réduction de la recharge des eaux souterraines après un changement de l’occupation du sol en comparant les concentrations en chlorures sous la zone racinaire et au dessus de la base de la zone d’accumulation des chlorures, avant et après ce changement. Deux sites sur le Plateau lœssique de Chine centrale ont été sélectionnés pour étude. Les résultats obtenus dans la région de la terrasse de Guyuan montrent que la recharge des eaux souterraines était de 100 mm/an au droit d’une prairie naturelle clairsemée, mais le passage au blé d’hiver il y a 100 ans a réduit cette recharge à 55 mm/an. Dans la plaine lœssique de Xifeng, le passage, il y a 7 ans, du blé d’hiver à des vergers de pommiers avec une recharge des eaux souterraines de 33 mm/an, a conduit à une accumulation de chlorures à 5 m sous la surface du sol, suggérant que le taux de recharge a été réduit. Ceci est conforme aux études précédentes dans ces secteurs qui ont montré que le reboisement régional et autres changements d’occupation du sol ont conduit à une dessiccation profonde du sol et sont cause dans sa partie supérieure de la formation d’une matrice à faible potentiel, empêchant l’humidité du sol de recharger effectivement l’aquifère.
Resumen
La recarga de agua subterránea está afectada por el uso de la tierra en regiones (semi) áridas. Se desarrolló una nueva aplicación del balance de masa de cloruro para estimar la reducción de la recarga de agua subterránea siguiendo al cambio en el uso de la tierra comparando las concentraciones de cloruro debajo de las zona de raíces y por encima de la base de la zona de acumulación de cloruro, antes y después de la conversión del uso de la tierra. Para el estudio se seleccionaron dos sitios en el Plateau de Loess de la China central. Los resultados de la región de la terraza Guyuan muestran que la recarga de agua subterránea por debajo de pequeños pastos naturales dispersos fue de 100 mm/año, pero la conversión a trigo de invierno en alrededor de 100 años redujo la recarga de agua subterránea a 55 mm/año. En la llanura de loess de Xifeng la conversión del trigo de invierno con una recarga de agua subterránea de 33 mm/año, a plantaciones de manzanos siete años atrás ha llevado a una acumulación de cloruro a 5 m por debajo de la superficie del terreno, sugiriendo que el ritmo de recarga ha sido reducido. Esto está de acuerdo con estudios previos en estas áreas, lo cual ha demostrado que la forestación regional y otras conversiones del uso de la tierra han resultado en una desecación del suelo profundo y ha causado la formación de una capa superior con un potencial de mátrico bajo, impidiendo la recarga actual del acuífero por la humedad del suelo.
摘要
干旱半干旱地区地下水补给对土地利用变化十分敏感。通过对比土地利用变化前后土壤剖面根系以下、氯累积底界以上氯的分布特征, 本文基于氯质量平衡原理提出了土地利用变化导致地下水补给量减少的定量化方法, 并选择中国黄土高原两个试验点进行了研究。固原梯田区的试验结果表明自然稀疏植被条件下地下水补给量为100 mm/year; 100年前开垦成小麦地, 使得地下水补给量减少到55 mm/year。在西峰黄土塬小麦地地下水补给量为33 mm/year, 7年前改种苹果树, 使得苹果园相对于原来的小麦地在地表以下、5 m以上发生了氯累积, 表明地下水补给减少。这与前人在黄土高原的结果一致, 即区域植树造林和其他一些土地利用转变导致土壤水分亏损并形成土壤基质势低值区, 阻止降水入渗补给含水层。
Resumo
A recarga das águas subterrâneas é afectada pelo uso da terra em zonas áridas e semi-áridas. Uma nova abordagem na aplicação do balanço de massa do cloreto tem sido desenvolvida para estimar a redução da recarga das águas subterrâneas após a mudança do uso do solo, através da comparação das concentrações de cloreto abaixo da zona de raiz e acima da base da área de acumulação de cloreto, antes e após a conversão do uso da terra. Para este estudo foram seleccionados dois locais no Planalto de Loess, na China central. Os resultados da região do terraço Guyuan mostram que a recarga da água subterrânea sob relva natural curta e esparsa era de 100 mm/ano, mas a conversão para o trigo de inverno há cerca de 100 anos atrás, reduziu a recarga dos aquíferos para 55 mm/ano. No Planalto de Loess de Xifeng, a conversão de trigo de inverno, com uma recarga de 33 mm/ano, para pomar de maçã, há sete anos, levou à acumulação de cloreto 5 m abaixo da superfície do solo, o que sugere que a taxa de recarga tenha sido reduzida. Isto está de acordo com estudos anteriores nestas áreas, os quais têm mostrado que a reflorestação regional e outras conversões de uso da terra resultaram na dissecação dos solos profundos, tendo resultado na criação de uma fronteira superior com baixo potencial matricial, evitando deste modo a humidade do solo e, consequentemente, a recarga do aquífero.







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Acknowledgements
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 40872162). The authors wish to thank Shiling Yang for his assistance in magnetic susceptibility and particle size analyses, and Yiman Li for water chemistry analyses. The authors are in debt to Guest Editor Dr. Andrew Herczeg, Prof. W. Mike Edmunds and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the final manuscript.
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Huang, T., Pang, Z. Estimating groundwater recharge following land-use change using chloride mass balance of soil profiles: a case study at Guyuan and Xifeng in the Loess Plateau of China. Hydrogeol J 19, 177–186 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0643-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0643-8


