Abstract
The hydrogeological conditions in Uludag (Nilufer River catchment, Bursa, Turkey) were assessed, using time-domain electromagnetic soundings, electrical resistivity and induced polarisation tomography, to detect the most promising zones for new water-well siting, in order to increase the quantity of water for bottling. The hydrogeological model is quite complex: deep mineral and thermal water rises from a main vertical fault which separates two lithological complexes. The highly mineralised (deep) water is naturally mixed with low mineralised water at a shallow depth, 30–40 m; the mixed mineral water is found in some surface springs and shallow wells, while the highly mineralised water is found at depth in some unused deep wells located close to the main fault. All the water points (springs and wells) are located inside a “mineral water belt” on the north side of the Nilufer River. The geophysical survey confirmed the hydrogeological model and highlighted four promising zones for well siting (zones with very low electrical resistivity and high induced polarisation anomalies, corresponding to the main water-bearing faults). One of the geophysical anomalies, the furthest from the exploited sources, was verified by means of a test well; the drilling results have confirmed the water mixing model.
Résumé
Le contexte hydrogéologique de la région d’Uludag (bassin versant de la rivière Nilufer, province de Bursa, Turquie) a été reconnu par sondages électromagnétiques en domaine temporel, tomographies de résistivité électrique et de polarisation provoquée, pour identifier les zones les plus favorables à l’implantation d’un nouveau forage destiné à augmenter le volume d’eau minérale pour embouteillage. Le modèle hydrogéologique est assez complexe: l’eau minérale et thermale d’origine profonde émerge d’une faille verticale principale séparant deux compartiments lithologiques. L’eau fortement minéralisée (profonde) se mélange naturellement à faible profondeur (30–40 m) avec de l’eau faiblement minéralisée; le mélange émerge par des sources et des puits peu profonds, tandis que l’eau fortement minéralisée se rencontre en profondeur dans des puits non exploités situés près de la faille principale. Tous les points d’eau (sources et puits) se trouvent à l’intérieur d’une « ceinture d’eau minérale » du côté Nord de la rivière Nilufer. La prospection géophysique a confirmé le modèle hydrogéologique et mis a en évidence quatre zones prometteuses pour le forage de puits (très faible résistivité électrique et fortes anomalies polarisation provoquée correspondant aux principales failles productrices). L’une des anomalies géophysiques, la plus éloignée des sources exploitées, a été contrôlée par un forage de reconnaissance dont les résultats ont confirmé le modèle avec mélange des eaux.
Resumen
Se evaluaron las condiciones hidrogeológicas en Uludag (Cuenca del Río Nilufer, Bursa, Turquía), usando sondeos electromagnéticos temporales, resistividad eléctrica y tomografía de polarización inducida, para detectar las zonas más promisorias para el emplazamiento de nuevos pozos de agua, para incrementar la cantidad de agua para embotellamiento. El modelo hidrogeológico es muy complejo: las aguas minerales y termales profundas se elevan a partir de una falla vertical principal que separa dos complejos litológicos. El agua altamente mineralizada (profunda) se mezcla naturalmente con agua de baja mineralización en una profundidad somera, 30–40 m; el agua mineral mezclada se encuentra en algunos manantiales superficiales y pozos someros, mientras que el agua altamente mineralizada se encuentra a profundidad en algunos pozos profundos fuera de servicio localizados en cerca de la falla principal. Todos los puntos de agua (manantiales y pozos) están localizadas dentro de una “cinturón de agua mineral” en el lado norte del Río Nilufer. El relevamiento geofísico confirmó el modelo hidrogeológico y resaltó cuatro zonas promisorias para la ubicación de pozos (zonas con muy baja resistividad eléctrica y altas anomalías de polarización inducida, correspondientes a las principales fallas que transportan el agua). Una de las anomalías geofísicas, la más lejana desde las fuentes explotadas, fue verificada por medio de un ensayo de pozo; los resultados de la perforación han confirmado el modelo de mezcla de agua.
Resumo
As condições hidrogeológicas no Uludag (Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Nilufer, Bursa, Turquia) foram avaliadas, usando sondagens electromagnéticas no domínio do tempo, resistividade eléctrica e tomografia de polarização induzida, para detectar as zonas mais promissoras para a localização de novos furos de captação de água, com a finalidade de aumentar a quantidade de água para engarrafamento. O modelo hidrogeológico é bastante complexo: água mineral e termal profunda ascende através duma falha principal, vertical, que separa dois complexos litológicos. A água muito mineralizada (profunda) é naturalmente misturada com água pouco mineralizada, a pequena profundidade, 30–40 m; a água mineral misturada é encontrada em algumas nascentes superficiais e em furos pouco profundos, enquanto a água com elevada mineralização é encontrada em profundidade, em alguns furos profundos não utilizados, localizados próximo da falha principal. Todos os pontos de água (nascentes e furos) estão localizados dentro de uma “faixa de água mineral” do lado norte do Rio Nilufer. O levantamento geofísico confirmou o modelo hidrogeológico e destacou quatro zonas promissoras para a localização de furos (zonas com muito baixa resistividade eléctrica e elevadas anomalias de polarização induzida, correspondendo às principais falhas com circulação de água). Uma das anomalias geofísicas, a mais afastada da zona já explorada, foi verificada através de um ensaio de caudal num furo; os resultados da perfuração confirmaram o modelo de mistura da água.
Özet
Şişeleme amaçlı kullanılan mevcut maden suyu miktarını artırmak için bulunacak kuyu yada kuyuların yeraldığı en verimli alanları saptamak için TDEM (Elektromanyetik sondaj zaman alanı), ER (Elektriksel direnç) ve IPT ( Endüklenmiş polarizasyon tomografi) yöntemleri kullanılarak Bursa’da Uludağ’ın güney yamaçlarında yeralan Nilüfer Deresi civarındaki hidrojeolojik koşullar incelenmiştir. Buradaki hidrojeolojik model oldukça karmaşıktır: derindeki mineralli ve termal sular, iki litolojik yapıyı birbirinden ayıran dikey faydan yukarı doğru çıkmaktadır. Mineral içeriği daha yüksek olan sular, 30–40 m gibi sığ derinliklerde daha düşük mineralli sular ile karışmaktadır. Oluşan bu karışım, kendiliğinden yeryüzüne çıkan kaynaklarda ve sığ derinliklerde açılmış kuyularda kendini göstermektedir. Mineral içeriği daha yüksek olan sular ise ana faya yakın yerlerde açılan ama kullanılmayan kuyuların bulunduğu derinliklerdedir. Bütün kaynaklar ve kuyular Nilüfer deresinin kuzeyinde bir maden suyu bandı içersinde yeralmaktadır. Jeofiziksel etüd yukarıda açıklanan hidrojeolejik modeli ve dört adet verimli bölgeyi (düşük rezistivite ve yüksek endüktif polarizasyona sahip su taşıyıcı ana fayı temsil eden bölge) doğrulamaktadır. Mevcut kaynakların en uzağına açılan bir test kuyusu jeofiziksel anomalilerden bir tanesinin doğruluğunu ispat etmektedir. Sondaj sonuçları karışım modelini teyyid etmektedir.
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We highly appreciated the competence and the availability of Maria-Th. Schafmeister (Editor) and Susanne Schemann and Sue Duncan (Editorial Office); we are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and comments, which improved the quality of the manuscript.
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Boiero, D., Godio, A., Naldi, M. et al. Geophysical investigation of a mineral groundwater resource in Turkey. Hydrogeol J 18, 1219–1233 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0604-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0604-2