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Determination of vertical and horizontal pathways of injected fresh wastewater into a deep saline aquifer (Florida, USA) using natural chemical tracers

Détermination de cheminements verticaux et horizontaux d’eau usée traitée injectée dans un aquifère salé profond (Floride, USA) en utilisant des traceurs chimiques naturels

Determinación de las trayectorias vertical y horizontal de agua residual dulce inyectada en un acuífero salino profundo (Florida, EEUU) usando trazadores químicos naturales

Determinação dos percursos vertical e horizontal de água residual tratada injectada num aquífero salino profundo (Florida, EUA) utilizando traçadores químicos naturais

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Abstract

Two deep-well injection sites in south Florida, USA, inject an average of 430 million liters per day (MLD) of treated domestic fresh wastewater into a deep saline aquifer 900 m below land surface. Elevated levels of NH3 (highest concentration 939 µmol) in the overlying aquifer above ambient concentrations (concentration less than 30 µmol) were evidence of the upward migration of injected fluids. Three pathways were distinguished based on ammonium, chloride and bromide ratios, and temperature. At the South District Wastewater Treatment Plant, the tracer ratios showed that the injectate remained chemically distinct as it migrated upwards through rapid vertical pathways via density-driven buoyancy. The warmer injectate (mean 28°C) retained the temperature signal as it vertically migrated upwards; however, the temperature signal did not persist as the injectate moved horizontally into the overlying aquifers. Once introduced, the injectate moved slowly horizontally through the aquifer and mixed with ambient water. At the North District Wastewater Treatment Plant, data provide strong evidence of a one-time pulse of injectate into the overlying aquifers due to improper well construction. No evidence of rapid vertical pathways was observed at the North District Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Résumé

En Floride du Sud, USA, deux puits profonds injectent dans un aquifère salé à 900 m sous la surface du sol une moyenne quotidienne de 430 millions de litres d’eau usée domestique traitée. Des concentrations élevées en NH3 dans l’aquifère supérieur (concentration maximale 939 µmol), dépassant les valeurs locales (concentration inférieure à 30 µmol) sont des indicateurs de migration ascendante de l’effluent injecté. Trois trajectoires ont été identifiées sur la base des ratios ammonium, chlore et brome, température. Dans l’usine de traitement du District Sud, les ratios traceurs montrent que l’effluent reste chimiquement distinct quand il migre rapidement et verticalement par densité. La migration verticale de l’effluent chaud (moyenne 28°C) est signalée par sa température. La température ne se maintient pas lorsque l’effluent se déplace horizontalement dans l’aquifère supérieur. Une fois introduit, l’effluent se déplace horizontalement dans l’aquifère, se mélangeant avec l’eau en place. Dans l’usine de traitement du District Nord, des données démontrent une injection instantanée de l’effluent dans l’aquifère supérieur en raison d’une construction imparfaite du puits. Dans cette usine, aucun indice de trajectoire verticale rapide n’a été observé.

Resumen

En dos sitios de inyección en pozos profundos, localizados en el sur de Florida, EEUU, se inyecta un promedio de 430 millones de litros por día de agua residual dulce doméstica tratada en un acuífero salino profundo 900 metros debajo de la superficie del terreno. Los elevados niveles de NH3 (la concentración mayor de 939 µmol) en el acuífero suprayacente por encima de concentraciones ambientales (concentración menor que 30 µmol) fueron evidencias de una migración ascendente de los fluidos inyectados. Se diferenciaron tres trayectorias basadas en las relaciones entre amonio, cloruro y bromuro, y la temperatura. En la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales del Distrito del Sur, las relaciones de los trazadores mostraron que la inyección permanecía químicamente diferenciada a medida que migraba a través de trayectorias rápidas verticales vía la flotabilidad gobernada por la densidad. La inyección más cálida (promedio 28°C) retuvo la señal de la temperatura a medida que verticalmente migraba hacia arriba, mientras que la señal de la temperatura no persistió cuando la inyección se movió horizontalmente dentro de los acuíferos suprayacentes. Una vez introducida, la inyección se movió lentamente en forma horizontal a través del acuífero y se mezcló con el agua ambiental. En la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales del Distrito Norte, los datos proveen una fuerte evidencia de un pulso único de inyección dentro de los acuíferos suprayacentes debido a la inadecuada construcción del pozo. No se observó ninguna evidencia de rápida trayectoria vertical en la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales del Distrito Norte.

Resumo

Dois locais de injecção em furos profundos no sul da Florida, EUA, injectam uma média de 430 milhões de litros por dia de água residual doméstica tratada num aquífero salino profundo, a 900 metros de profundidade. Os níveis elevados de NH3 (concentração máxima 939 µmol) no aquífero suprajacente, acima das concentrações habituais (inferiores a 30 µmol), evidenciam a migração ascendente dos fluidos injectados. Identificaram-se três percursos com base nas relações entre os iões amónia, cloreto, brometo, e na temperatura. Na Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais de South District, as relações entre os traçadores evidenciam que o fluido injectado continua quimicamente distinto à medida que migra para a superfície através de rápidos percursos ascensionais impulsionados pela diferença de densidades. O fluido quente injectado (média de 28°C) retém o marcador de temperatura à medida que o líquido migra verticalmente para cima; contudo, o marcador de temperatura não persiste no movimento horizontal para os aquíferos superiores. Uma vez introduzido, o fluido injectado move-se lentamente na horizontal através do aquífero e é misturado com a água desse ambiente. Na Estação de Tratamento de South District, os dados obtidos evidenciam claramente que o fluido injectado nos aquíferos superiores é devido a erros de construção do furo. Não há evidência de percursos rápidos verticais na Estação de Tratamento de South District.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department (MDWASD). The authors greatly appreciate S. Villamil for her invaluable technical expertise and assistance in the field. We thank C. Powell, S. Kronheim, W. Pitt and B. Goldenberg of MDWASD for their cooperation, and Drs. A. Dausman and C. Langevin of the US Geological Survey for their insightful comments during this research. This report was significantly improved by the thoughtful review of two anonymous reviewers. Dr. Price’s contribution was partially funded by the National Science Foundation Grant No. DBI-0620409. This is SERC contribution #457.

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Walsh, V., Price, R.M. Determination of vertical and horizontal pathways of injected fresh wastewater into a deep saline aquifer (Florida, USA) using natural chemical tracers. Hydrogeol J 18, 1027–1042 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0570-8

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