Abstract
Aquifer vulnerability has been assessed in the Senirkent-Uluborlu Basin within the Egirdir Lake catchment (Turkey) using the DRASTIC method, based on a geographic information system (GIS). There is widespread agriculture in the basin, and fertilizer (nitrate) and pesticide applications have caused groundwater contamination as a result of leaching. According to hydrogeological data from the study area, surface water and groundwater flow are towards Egirdir Lake. Hence, aquifer vulnerability in the basin should be determined by water quality in Egirdir Lake. DRASTIC layers were prepared using data such as rainfall, groundwater level, aquifer type, and hydraulic conductivity. These data were obtained from hydrogeological investigations and literature. A regional-scale aquifer-vulnerability map of the basin was prepared using overlay analysis with the aid of GIS. A DRASTIC vulnerability map, verified by nitrate in groundwater data, shows that the defined areas are compatible with land-use data. It is concluded that 20.8% of the basin area is highly vulnerable and urgent pollution-preventions measures should be taken for every kind of relevant activity within the whole basin.
Résumé
La vulnérabilité d’un aquifère a été évaluée dans le bassin de Senirkent-Uluborlu sur le captage du lac Egirdir (Turquie) par la méthode DRASTIC, basée sur un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG). L’agriculture est largement développée dans le bassin, et la lixivation des fertilisants (nitrate) et pesticides a contaminé la nappe. Selon les données hydrogéologiques sur le domaine d’étude, les écoulements superficiels et souterrains sont dirigés vers le lac Egirdir. Par suite, la vulnérabilité de l’aquifère pouvait être évaluée par la qualité de l’eau du lac Egirdir. Les paramètres DRASTIC tels la recharge, le niveau de la nappe, le type d’aquifère, la conductivité hydraulique, ont été utilisés. Les valeurs proviennent de mesures sur le terrain et de la documentation. Une carte de vulnérabilité de l’aquifère à l’échelle du bassin a été établie à partir d’analyse sectorielle avec l’aide du SIG. La carte de vulnérabilité DRASTIC, vérifiée par des données sur la concentration en nitrates dans l’eau de la nappe, montre que les secteurs définis correspondent aux utilisations du sol. L’étude conclut que 20.8% de la surface du bassin est hautement vulnérable et que des mesures de prévention de la pollution doivent être prises pour toute activité concernée sur la totalité du bassin.
Resumen
Se ha evaluado la vulnerabilidad de un acuífero en la cuenca Senirkent-Uluborlu dentro de la cuenca de drenaje del Lago Egirdir (Turquía) usando el método DRASTIC, basado en un sistema de información geográfica (GIS). Existe una agricultura muy extendida en la cuenca, y las aplicaciones de fertilizantes (nitrato) y de pesticidas han causado la contaminación de agua subterránea como resultado de la percolación. De acuerdo con los datos hidrogeológicos del área de estudio, el flujo de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas son hacia el Lago Egirdir. Por lo tanto, la vulnerabilidad del acuífero en la cuenca debe ser determinada por la calidad del agua del Lago Egirdir. Se prepararon las capas de DRASTIC usando datos tales como precipitación, niveles de aguas subterráneas, tipo de acuífero y conductividad hidráulica. Estos datos fueron obtenidos a partir de investigaciones hidrogeológicas y de la literatura. Se preparó un mapa a escala regional de la vulnerabilidad del acuífero usando un análisis de superposición con la ayuda de GIS. Un mapa de vulnerabilidad DRASTIC, verificado por datos de nitratos en aguas subterráneas, muestra que las áreas definidas son compatibles con los datos de uso de la tierra. Se concluye que el 20.8% del área de la cuenca es altamente vulnerable y medidas urgentes de prevención de la contaminación deben ser tomadas para cualquier tipo de actividad relevante dentro de la totalidad de la cuenca.
摘要
基于地理信息系统 (GIS), 采用DRASTIC方法评价了土尔其Egirdir湖流域的Senirkent- Uluborlu盆地的含水层脆弱性。该盆地农业发达, 由于淋滤, 化肥 (硝酸盐) 和杀虫剂的使用引起了地下水污染。根据研究区的水文地质资料,地表水和地下水向Egirdir湖泄流。因此, 盆地含水层的脆弱性应由Egirdir湖的水质判定。利用降雨量、地下水水位、含水层类型和系数等资料作出DRASTIC分层。这些资料是通过水文地质调查和文献获得的。借助于GIS, 应用叠加分析做出了该盆地的区域尺度含水层脆弱性图。由地下水资料中的硝酸盐数据验证的某DRASTIC脆弱性图所界定的范围与土地利用状况可比。由此判断, 盆地面积的20.8%非常脆弱, 需在整个盆地内, 对各类相关活动采取紧急的污染防止措施。
Resumo
A caracterização da vulnerabilidade dos aquíferos na Bacia Senirkent-Uluborlu, que faz parte da bacia hidrográfica do Lago Egirdir (Turquia), foi realizada usando o método DRASTIC, com base num sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). Na bacia há agricultura dispersa e a aplicação de fertilizantes (nitrato) e de pesticidas provocaram a contaminação da água subterrânea em resultado da lixiviação. De acordo com os dados hidrogeológicos da área de estudo, o fluxo de água superficial e subterrânea desloca-se em direcção ao Lago Egirdir. Por este facto, a vulnerabilidade do aquífero deve ser determinada através da qualidade da água no Lago Egirdir. Camadas DRASTIC foram preparadas utilizando dados tais como precipitação, nível da água subterrânea, tipo de aquífero e condutividade hidráulica. Estes dados foram obtidos por investigação hidrogeológica e a partir da literatura. Foi preparado um mapa da vulnerabilidade aquífera da bacia, à escala regional, usando sobreposição de análises com a ajuda do SIG. Um mapa de vulnerabilidade DRASTIC, obtido com base em valores de nitrato na água subterrânea, torna evidente que as áreas definidas são compatíveis com os dados de uso da terra. Concluiu-se que 20.8% da área da bacia é altamente vulnerável e que é necessário tomar medidas de prevenção da poluição para todos os tipos de actividades relevantes dentro da globalidade da bacia.
Özet
Eğirdir Gölü su toplama havzasının alt havzalarından olan Senirkent-Uluborlu havzasında yeralan akiferlerin kirleticilere karşı hassasiyetleri DRASTIC ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) metodları kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Havza içerisinde tarım alanlarının yaygın bir şekilde bulunmasından dolayı yoğun olarak gübre ve pestisit kullanılmaktadır. Bu durum süzülme ile yeraltısuyu kirliliğine sebep olmaktadır. Çalışma alanının hidrojeolojik verilerine göre yüzey ve yeraltısuyu akım yönü Eğirdir Gölü’ne doğrudur. Bu nedenle, Eğirdir Gölü su kalitesinin korunması için havzanın akifer hassasiyeti belirlenmelidir. DRASTIC metodunda yeralan parametre haritaları yağış, yeraltısuyu seviyesi, akifer tipi ve hidrolik iletkenlik gibi veriler kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu veriler hidrojeolojik incelemelerden ve literatürden yararlanılarak elde edilmiştir. Havzanın bölgesel ölçekli akifer hassasiyet haritası parametre haritalarının CBS ortamında örtüştürülmesi ile hazırlanmıştır. DRASTIC hassasiyet haritasının doğruluğunun yeraltısuyu nitrat konsantrasyonları ile kontrol edilmesi sonucunda havza içerisinde hassasiyetleri tanımlanan alanların arazi kullanım verileri ile uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, havzanın % 20.8’lik bölümünün yüksek hassasiyete sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla havza içerisinde yapılacak ilgili her türlü uygulamalar için kirlilik — koruma önlemlerinin alınması zorunludur.
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The authors would like to thank Dr. Ömer Elitok for his contributions in improving the manuscript.
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Sener, E., Sener, S. & Davraz, A. Assessment of aquifer vulnerability based on GIS and DRASTIC methods: a case study of the Senirkent-Uluborlu Basin (Isparta, Turkey). Hydrogeol J 17, 2023–2035 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0497-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0497-0