Abstract
In a small watershed underlain by relatively homogeneous (nonlayered), sandy, glacial outwash, hydraulic conductivity (K) and longitudinal dispersivity (α L) were systematically measured over a range in scale. Test methods employed in the investigation are conventional and/or based on accepted principles, measurement scales are those typically encountered in applied field problems, and the hydrogeologic setting is typical of large areas within the northern hemisphere and similar to many alluvial environments worldwide. The results show that K measured under radial flow is scale-dependent up to a radius of influence (r i) of approximately 15 m but reaches an asymptotic value above this threshold. This asymptotic value of K is consistent with results obtained at the regional scale (∼104 m) for the same aquifer using non-radial three-dimensional techniques; the initial increase appears to reflect increasing dimensionality of the radial tests with larger r i. Although α L was evaluated over a much smaller interval relative to K, α L proved to be independent of scale over the full range tested, from 2 to 29 m, an unexpected result. The findings support the idea that there is, as yet, no predictable relationship between scale effects in K and α L at scales normally encountered in applied field hydrogeology.
Résumé
Dans un petit bassin recouvert par des dépôts glaciaires sableux relativement homogènes (non stratifiés), les perméabilités (K) et les dispersivités horizontales (α L) ont été mesurées de manière systématique sur une étendue d’échelle déterminée. Les méthodologies adoptées pour les essais sont conventionnelles et/ou basées sur des principes approuvés, les échelles de mesure sont celles conventionnellement utilisées sur le terrain, et le contexte hydrogéologique est typique de vastes secteurs de l’hémisphère Nord et similaire à de nombreux environnements alluviaux dans le monde. Les résultats montrent que le K mesuré pour des écoulements radiaux est dépendant de l’échelle jusqu’à un rayon d’influence de 15 m environ, mais atteint une asymptote au-delà de cette limite. Cette valeur asymptotique de K concorde avec les résultats obtenus à l’échelle régionale (∼104 m) pour ce même aquifère, par des méthodes non-radiales tridimensionnelles; l’augmentation initiale reflète l’accroissement de la dimensionnalité des tests radiaux avec r i. Malgré son évaluation sur un intervalle plus faible que K, il a été démontré que α L est indépendant de l’échelle sur toute l’étendue testée, de 2 à 29 m, résultat quelque peu inattendu. Les résultats confortent l’idée qu’il n’y a à l’heure actuelle aucune relation prévisible entre les effets d’échelles sur K et α L, pour les échelles usuelles en hydrogéologie de terrain.
Resumen
En una cuenca pequeña compuesta por material de lavado glacial, arenoso relativamente honogéneo (no estratificado), se midieron la conductividad hidráulica y la dispersividad para un rango de escalas. Los métodos de medición empleados en la investigación son convencionales y/o basados en principios aceptados, las escalas de medición son las típicas encontradas en problemas aplicados a escala de campo, y las condiciones hidrogeológicas son típicas de grandes áreas dentro del hemisferio norte y similares a muchos ambientes aluviales en todo el mundo. Los resultados muestran que K medida bajo un flujo radial es dependiente de la escala hasta un radio de influencia (r i) de aproximadamente 15 mettos pero alcanza un valor asintótico por encima de este valor umbral. Este valor asintótico de K es consistente con resultados obtenidos a escala regional (∼104 m) para el mismo acuífero usando técnicas tridimensionales no radiales; el incremento inicial parece reflejar el incremento de la dimensionalidad de los test radiales con r i mayores. Aunque α L se evaluó en un intervalo mucho más pequeño con relación al de K, α L resultó independiente de la escala a lo largo de todo el rango ensayado, de 2 a 29 m, un resultado inesperado. Los resultados sostienen la idea de que aún hay relaciones impredecibles entre los efectos de escala en K y α L a escalas que se encuentran normalmente en hidrogeología aplicada.
摘要
在一个下伏均质单层的砂质冰水沉积的小流域, 对渗透系数(K) 和纵向弥散系数(αL) 进行了多尺度测试。研究中采用了常规的或原理已获认可的测试方法, 测试尺度都是实际水文地质问题中常见的。结果表明, 如果影响半径(ri)在约15m以内, 那么径向流条件下测得的K值与尺度有关。在此ri阈值之上则趋近于某一渐进值, 与采用非径向三维流技术所测得的同一含水层但区域尺度上(ri = 104 m)的值一致。一开始的增加似乎反映了随ri增加径向流试验维数的增加(2D-3D)。尽管对αL 的估算采取了较K为小的尺度区间 (2-29m), 在所有测试中αL都出乎意料地与尺度无关。这些发现支持“在实际水文地质中常见的尺度范围内, K和αL 与尺度之间不具有可预测的关系”的观点。
Resumo
A condutividade hidráulica (K) e a dispersividade longitudinal (α L) foram determinadas a várias escalas numa pequena bacia hidrográfica instalada num outwash glacial arenoso relativamente homogéneo (não estratificado). Na investigação foram empregues ensaios convencionais e/ou baseados em princípios estabelecidos, as escalas de medida são as que tipicamente se encontram em problemas aplicados de campo, e o enquadramento hidrogeológico é típico de extensas áreas do hemisfério norte e similar a muitos ambientes aluviais por todo o mundo. Os resultados mostram que a K medida em condições de fluxo radial é dependente da escala até um raio de influência (r i) de aproximadamente 15 metros, mas atinge um valor assimptótico acima daquele limite. Este valor assimptótico de K é consistente com resultados obtidos à escala regional (∼104 m) para o mesmo aquífero utilizando técnicas tridimensionais não radiais; nos ensaios radiais o incremento inicial parece reflectir um aumento da dimensionalidade com o incremento de r i. Apesar da α L ter sido avaliada num intervalo muito menor relativamente a K, α L demonstra ser independente da escala em todo o intervalo ensaiado, de 2 a 29 m, o que constitui um resultado inesperado. As descobertas apoiam a ideia de que, para já, não há uma relação predizível entre os efeitos de escala na K e na α L nas escalas normalmente encontradas em hidrogeologia de campo aplicada.
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Acknowledgements
This project was made possible through cooperation of M. Jones, ING; Dr. E. A. Bettis, University of Iowa Geology Department; B. Rowden, IGSB; Dr. J. Cawlfield,, University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) Geological Engineering Department; J. Niemann; K. Kaholo; A. Johnson and A. Nelson. Partial financial support was obtained through the UMR Geological Engineering Department, a Chancellor’s Fellowship awarded by the UMR School of Mines & Metallurgy, and Southwest Missouri State University Center for Graduate Studies, grant No. 1015–22–0896. The authors appreciate the input of W. Illman during manuscript preparation and the comments of D. Fernandez-Garcia and two anonymous reviewers during the review process.
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Niemann, W.L., Rovey II, C.W. A systematic field-based testing program of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity over a range in scale. Hydrogeol J 17, 307–320 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0365-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0365-3
Keywords
- Groundwater flow
- Scale effects
- Hydraulic properties
- Tracer tests
- USA