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Inference of the structure of karst conduits using quantitative tracer tests and geological information: example of the Swiss Jura

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Abstract

Karst aquifers are known for being particularly heterogeneous with highly transmissive conduits embedded in low permeability volumes of rock matrix. Artificial tracer experiments have been carried out in a complex karst aquifer of the folded Jura Mountains in Switzerland with the aim of deciphering the conduit organisation. It is shown that tracer experiments with multiple injection points under different flow conditions can lead to useful information on the conduits’ structure. This information has been combined with data from structural geology, spring hydrology, and speleological observations. A conceptual model of the conduit network shows that a detailed inference of the conduit organisation can be reached: geology controls conduit location and orientation; spring hydrology, including temporary springs, constrains conduit elevations and relative hydraulic heads in the aquifer subsystems; and tracer tests identify major flow paths and outlets of the system and dilution caused by non-traced tributaries, as well as the presence of secondary flow routes. This understanding of the Aubonne aquifer structure has important implications for the future management of the groundwater resource. Similar approaches coupling geological information, spring hydrology, and multi-tracer tests under various flow conditions may help to characterise the structure of the conduit network in karst aquifers.

Résumé

Les aquifères karstiques se caractérisent par leur forte hétérogénéité créée par quelques conduits très transmissifs englobés dans des volumes de roche peu perméables. Des essais de traçage artificiels ont été réalisés au sein d’un système karstique du Jura plissé (Suisse) dans le but de déterminer l’organisation des conduits. Les résultats montrent que des essais de traçage avec plusieurs points d’injection sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques fournissent des informations utiles sur l’agencement des conduits. Ces informations ont été combinées avec des données de géologie structurale, le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des différentes sources du système et des observations spéléologiques. L’organisation de ces conduits peut être estimée avec une certaine précision et un modèle conceptuel du réseau de conduits est proposé : la géologie contrôle la position et l’orientation des conduits ; le fonctionnement des sources, incluant les sources temporaires, détermine l’élévation des conduits et les charges hydrauliques dans les différents compartiments de l’aquifère ; les essais de traçage permettent d’identifier les écoulements principaux, les différentes sources du système, les dilutions créées par des affluents non tracés et l’existence d’écoulements secondaires. Cette compréhension de la structure de l’aquifère de l’Aubonne a des implications importantes dans le cadre de la gestion future de cette ressource en eau. Des approches similaires, couplant des informations géologiques, le fonctionnement des sources et des essais de traçage sous des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes peuvent efficacement caractériser l’organisation du réseau de conduits des aquifères karstiques.

Resumen

Se sabe que los acuíferos cársticos son particularmente heterogéneos, con conductos de alta transmisividad incluidos en grandes volúmenes de matriz rocosa de baja permeabilidad. Con el objetivo de descifrar la organización de tales conductos, se han llevado a cabo ensayos de trazadores artificiales en un acuífero cárstico complejo de las montañas Jura en Suiza. Se muestra que los experimentos con trazadores y múltiples puntos de inyección, bajo diferentes condiciones de flujo, pueden proporcionar información muy útil sobre la estructura de los conductos. Tal información se ha combinado con datos de la estructura geológica, la hidrología de manantiales, y con observaciones espeleológicas. Se demuestra que puede lograrse un modelo conceptual de la red de conductos con inferencias detalladas de la organización de tales conductos: la geología controla la localización y orientación de los conductos; la hidrología de los manantiales, incluso los de régimen temporario, condiciona la elevación de los conductos y los niveles de agua en los subsistemas acuíferos; y los ensayos de trazadores identifican las principales vías de flujo y salidas de agua, dilución originada en tributarios no involucrados en el ensayo, al igual que rutas secundarias del flujo. La comprensión de la estructura del acuífero Aubonne tiene importantes implicancias para el manejo futuro de los recursos hídricos subterráneos. Aproximaciones metodológicas de este tipo, vinculando información geológica, hidrología de manantiales, y ensayos de trazadores múltiples bajo condiciones de flujo variable podrían ayudar a caracterizar la estructura de la red de conductos en acuíferos cársticos.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the cavers of the Swiss Speleological Society for their help during the field data acquisition. We also thank Prof. A. Parriaux and A. Tomaniak, from the Geology laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (EPFL) who kindly provided the discharge data of Malagne spring and facilitated the access to their archives. Prof. P. Smart is acknowledged for his helpful comments and edits. The study has been greatly facilitated by the technical support of the Centre for Hydrogeology of Neuchâtel (CHYN) and the financial support of the municipalities of Le Chenit, Gland, Montricher, Bursins, Arzier, Genolier, Aubonne as well as SEFA (Société électrique des forces de l’Aubonne) and the Scientific Commission of the Swiss Speleological Society. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers, the Managing Editor Prof. C. Simmons and the Technical Editorial Advisor Sue Duncan for their comments, which significantly improved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jérôme Perrin.

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Perrin, J., Luetscher, M. Inference of the structure of karst conduits using quantitative tracer tests and geological information: example of the Swiss Jura. Hydrogeol J 16, 951–967 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0281-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0281-6

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