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Numerical studies on saltwater intrusion in a coastal aquifer in northwestern Germany

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Abstract

Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers depends on the distribution of hydraulic properties, on the climate, and on human interference such as land reclamation. In order to analyze the key processes that control saltwater intrusion, a hypothetical steady-state salt distribution in a representative cross-section perpendicular to the coastline was calculated using a two-dimensional density-dependent solute transport model. The effects of changes in groundwater recharge, lowering of drainage levels, and a rising sea level on the shape and position of the freshwater/saltwater interface were modeled in separate simulations. The results show that the exchange of groundwater and surface water in the marsh areas is one of the key processes influencing saltwater intrusion. A rising sea level causes rapid progression of saltwater intrusion, whereas the drainage network compensates changes in groundwater recharge. The time scale of changes resulting from altered boundary conditions is on the order of decades and centuries, suggesting that the present-day salt distribution does not reflect a steady-state of equilibrium.

Résumé

L’intrusion d’eau salée dans les aquifères côtiers dépend de la distribution des propriétés hydrauliques, du climat et de l’intervention humaine, telle que la mise en valeur des terres. Afin d’analyser les processus clés qui contrôlent l’intrusion saline, une distribution hypothétique du sel en régime permanent sur une section représentative perpendiculaire au littoral a été calculée, au moyen d’un modèle de transport de solutés en deux dimensions qui prend en compte les densités. Les effets des changements de la recharge des eaux souterraines, du rabattement des niveaux de drainage, et de la montée du niveau marin sur la forme et la position de l’interface entre l’eau douce et l’eau salée ont été modélisés dans des simulations différentes. Les résultats montrent que l’échange entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface dans les zones marécageuses est l’un des processus clés influençant l’intrusion d’eau salée. Une élévation du niveau de la mer induit une progression rapide de l’intrusion d’eau salée, tandis que les changements de la recharge des eaux souterraines sont compensés par le réseau de drainage. L’échelle de temps des changements résultant de conditions aux limites changeantes est de l’ordre de décades et de siècles, ce qui suggère que la distribution actuelle du sel ne reflète pas l’équilibre d’un régime permanent.

Resumen

La incursión de agua salada en acuíferos costeros depende de la distribución de propiedades hidráulicas, el clima, y la interferencia humana tal como recuperación de la tierra. Para analizar los procesos clave que controlan la incursión de agua salada se calculó una distribución hipotética de sal en régimen permanente en una sección transversal representativa perpendicular a la linea de costa usando un modelo de transporte de soluto en dos dimensiones dependiente de la densidad. Se elaboró un modelo con simulaciones separadas de los efectos de cambios en recarga de agua subterránea, disminución de niveles de drenaje, y de un nivel del mar ascendente en la forma y posición de la superficie de contacto agua dulce/agua salada. Los resultados muestran que el intercambio de agua subterránea y agua superficial en las áreas pantanosas es uno de los procesos clave que influencian la incursión de agua salada. El nivel de mar ascendente causa una progresión rápida de incursión de agua salada, mientras que los cambios en recarga de agua subterránea se compensan con la red de drenaje. La escala de tiempo de los cambios que resultan de alterar las condiciones limitantes es en el orden de décadas y siglos lo que sugiere que la distribución actual de sal no refleja un régimen permanente de equilibrio.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the University of Bremen, Germany, as part of the interdisciplinary research project “Lebensraum Nordseeküste”. The manuscript was reviewed by H. Kooi, L.C. Lebbe, and G.H.P. Oude Essink. Their constructive critiques and suggestions lead to significant improvements and are gratefully acknowledged.

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Feseker, T. Numerical studies on saltwater intrusion in a coastal aquifer in northwestern Germany. Hydrogeol J 15, 267–279 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0151-z

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