Abstract
River, rain and spring water samples from a region covered in “Shirasu” ignimbrite were collected on Kyushu Island, Japan. The analytical results were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and stoichiometric calculation to understand the geographical distribution of chemical components in water and to extract geochemical underlying factors. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that the river-water chemistry is only slightly influenced by hot springs or polluted waters, but is highly controlled by weathering of ignimbrite. On the basis of the stoichiometric calculation based on water–rock interaction, the water chemistry was successfully estimated by a simple equation:\({\left[ {{\text{Si}}} \right]}{\text{ = 2}}{\left[ {{\text{Na}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ + }}{\left[ {{\text{Mg}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}\) in the upstream area, complemented by \({\left[ {{\text{Si}}} \right]}{\text{ = }}{\left[ {{\text{Na}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ - 3}}{\left[ {{\text{K}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ + }}{\left[ {{\text{Mg}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}{\text{ - 2}}{\left[ {{\text{Ca}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}\) in the downstream area.
Résumé
Des échantillons de rivières, pluies et sources d’une région recouverte par une ignimbrite « Shirasu » ont été collectés sur l’île de Kyushu au Japon. Les résultats analytiques ont été traités suivant différentes techniques d’analyses statistiques multivariées ainsi que par des approches stockiométriques, pour comprendre la distribution géographique des composants chimiques de l’eau et en extraire les facteurs géochimiques principaux. Les analyses statistiques multivariées ont montré que l’hydrochimie de la rivière est faiblement influencée par les sources chaudes et les eaux polluées, mais est d’un autre côté assez bien contrôlée par l’altération de l’ignimbrite. Sur base des calculs stoechiométriques reposant sur l’interaction eau-roche, la chimie de l’eau a été estimée avec succès suivant une simple équation : [Si] = 2 [Na+] + [Mg2+] dans la partie amont, complétée par [Si] = [Na+] – 3 [K+] + [Mg2+] – 2 [Ca2+] dans la partie avale du cours d’eau.
Resumen
Se tomaron muestras de agua en manantial, lluvia, y río de una región de ignimbrita “Shirasu” en la Isla Kyushu, Japón. Se corrieron análisis estadísticos multivariables en los resultados analíticos de las muestras y se realizaron cálculos estoquiométricos para entender la distribución geográfica de los componentes químicos en el agua y para extraer los factores geoquímicos subyacentes. Los análisis estadísticos multivariables muestran que la química de agua de río está únicamente ligeramente influida por fuentes termales o aguas contaminadas, pero que tiene un fuerte control por el intemperismo de las ignimbritas. Basado en cálculos estoquiométricos derivados de la interacción agua-roca se estimó exitosamente la química del agua mediante una ecuación simple: [Si] = 2 [Na+] + [Mg2+] en el área aguas arriba, complementada con [Si] = [Na+] – 3 [K+] + [Mg2+] – 2 [Ca2+] en el área aguas abajo.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Mr. Hisanori ARAYA, Ms. Yoko ISHIDA and Mr. Takuji KIYOHARA, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University, for their cooperation during the sample collections. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Ms. Jeneper Lo, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, for critical discussions and helpful comments. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to Professor Pauline van Gaans-Godfroy, Utrecht University, for her helpful suggestion and critical discussion.
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Anazawa, K., Sakamoto, H. & Tomiyasu, T. Influence of ignimbrite on the chemistry of river water in Shirasu plateau, Japan. Hydrogeol J 15, 409–417 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0070-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0070-z