Skip to main content
Log in

Identification of sources of chemical constituents in groundwater from the Vilnius wellfields, Lithuania

  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The only source of drinking water in Vilnius City, Lithuania's capital, is groundwater. It can be supplied from 20 wellfields situated in the City or its environs. About half of them (11) are located in the valley of the Neris River crossing the City. The exploited aquifers were formed by melting continental glaciers and modified by the river. Until 1990 groundwater resources had not been conserved—the per capita consumption for domestic use in Vilnius reached 350 l/day. After 1990, due to the increasing cost of supplying drinking water, its consumption was reduced by a factor of three. As pumping rates of wellfields in Vilnius were increased or decreased, the groundwater quality was changed significantly. It is mainly affected by the surface water and shallow aquifers of the hydrologic system. The unoxidised organic matter that enters the exploitable aquifers from rivers and polluted shallow groundwater consumes scarce oxygen resources, thus creating anoxic conditions favourable for increasing the accumulation of iron, manganese and ammonium. Modelling and monitoring data show that the concentrations of sulphates and chlorides in Vilnius wellfields indicate not only the rise of brackish water from below, but also downward seepage of polluted surface water into the aquifers.

Résumé

La seule source d'eau potable de la ville de Vilnius, capitale de la Lituanie est d'origine souterraine. L'approvisionnement provient de 20 champs captant situés dans la ville et ses environs. La moitié d'entre eux (11) se trouve dans la vallée de la rivière de Neris qui traverse la ville. Les aquifères captés ont été formés par la fonte des glaciers et sont ensuite modifiés par la rivière. Jusqu'en 1990, les ressources profondes n'avaient pas été économisées, la consommation par individu pour l'usage domestique atteignant 350 l/jour. Après 1990, l'augmentation du prix de l'exploitation de l'eau potable entraîne une réduction de la consommation d'un facteur trois. Comme les taux de pompages des champs captant sont réduits ou augmentés, la qualité de l'eau souterraine a changé significativement. Celle-ci est principalement affectée par l'eau de surface et les aquifères superficiels du système hydrologique. A partir des rivières et des aquifères superficiels, de la matière organique non oxydée pénètre dans l'aquifère exploité et consomme les rares ressources d'oxygène; ceci amène des conditions anoxiques favorables à l'augmentation de l'accumulation d'ions de fer, de manganèse et d'ammonium. La modélisation et l'observation des données montre que les concentrations de sulfates et de chlorures des champs captant de Vilnius n'indiquent pas seulement la remontée d'eau saumâtre des profondeurs mais aussi la percolation d'eau de surface polluée dans les aquifères.

Resumen

El agua subterránea es la única fuente de agua potable en la Ciudad Vilnius, capital de Lituania. El agua potable se abastece de 20 campos de pozos los cuales se ubican en la Ciudad y sus alrededores. Aproximadamente la mitad de los campos (11) se localizan en el valle del Río Neris el cual atravieza la Ciudad. Los acuíferos explotados se formaron mediante fusión de glaciares continentales y han sido modificados por el río. Hasta 1990 los recursos de agua subterránea no han sido conservados-el consumo per capita para uso doméstico en Vilnius alcanzó 350l/día. Despúes de 1990, debido al costo ascendente de abastecimiento de agua potable, su consumo disminuyó en un factor de tres. A medida que las tasas de bombeo de los campos de pozos en Vilnius incrementaba o disminuía la calidad de agua subterránea cambió significativamente. La calidad del agua está afectada principalmente por el agua superficial y los acuíferos someros del sistema hidrológico. La materia orgánica sin oxidar que ingresa de los ríos y del agua subterránea somera contaminada a los acuíferos explotables consume los escasos recursos de oxígeno creando de este modo condiciones anóxicas favorables para el incremento de la acumulación de hierro, manganeso y amonio. Los datos de monitoreo y modelizado muestran que las concentraciones de sulfatos y cloruros en los campos de pozos indican no solo el ascenso de agua salada desde abajo sino también la infiltración descendente de agua superficial contaminada hacia los acuíferos.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Apello CAJ, Postma D (1993) Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. Brookfield, Balkema, Rotterdam

  • Bendoraitis A, Gregorauskas M, Klimas A, Plankis M (2003) Simulation of sanitary protection zones of Vilnius wellfields (in Russian). In: Scientific proceedings of Riga Technical University in series “Computer science”, 16 (Boundary fields problems and computer simulation, 45th issue): pp 16–26

  • Davis JC (1986) Statistics and data analysis in geology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, N J

    Google Scholar 

  • Juodkazis V (2001) Vilniaus vandentiekiui – 500 metų (Vilnius waterworks – 500 years): 8–23

  • Juodkazis V, Arustienė J, Klimas A, Marcinonis A (2003) Organic matter in fresh groundwater of Lithuania. Vilnius University Publishing House, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurkštas J (1990) Senojo Vilniaus vandenys [Water in old Vilnius]. Mokslas, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimas A (1991) The formation of the groundwater quality under intensive abstraction and pollution (in Russian). Sovyetskaya Geologya 12:62–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimas A (1994) Fresh groundwater quality formation regularities under technogenic impacts. Lithuanian Society of Geologists, Scientific papers, vol 5, pp 1–56

  • Klimas A (1995) Impacts of urbanization and protection of water resources in Vilnius District, Lithuania. Hydrogeol J 3(1):24–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klimas A (2002) Oksidacijos-redukcijos procesų vaidmuo formuojantis požeminio vandens cheminei sudėčiai [The role of redox processes in formation of groundwater chemistry]. Geologija 40:46–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimas A, Gregorauskas M (2002) Groundwater abstraction and contamination in Lithuania as geoindicators of environmental change. Environ Geol 42(7):767–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klimas A, Kadūnas K, Diliūnas J, Alminas A, Zuzevičius A, Tamošaitis J, Klimkaitė I, Kavaliauskienė J, Česnulevičius A, Dilys K (1995) Paviršinio ir požeminio vandens būklės vertinimas, plečiantis Vilniaus miestui [Surface and groundwater status appraisal in the city of Vilnius considering its growth]. Žaliasis pasaulis, Vilnius, Lithuania

  • Klimas A, Plankis M (2003) Svarbiausieji požeminio vandens cheminės sudėties formavimosi dėsningumai Vilniaus vandenvietėse [The main regularities of groundwater chemistry formation at Vilnius wellfields]. Geologija 43:29–35

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Algirdas Klimas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Klimas, A., Plankis, M. Identification of sources of chemical constituents in groundwater from the Vilnius wellfields, Lithuania. Hydrogeol J 14, 785–794 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0026-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0026-3

Keywords

Navigation