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Offene Frakturen im Kindesalter

Open fractures in childhood

  • Leitthema
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Trauma und Berufskrankheit

Zusammenfassung

Mit einem Anteil von weniger als 5 % an allen kindlichen Frakturen sind offene Frakturen bei Kindern selten. Betroffen ist in knapp einem Drittel der Fälle der Unterarm bzw. der Unterschenkel. Da häufig ein Ereignis mit hohen Krafteinwirkungen, beispielsweise ein Verkehrsunfall oder ein Sturz aus großer Höhe, zugrunde liegt, sollten die Kinder initial entsprechend internationaler Einschlusskriterien einem standardisierten Schockraummanagement unterzogen werden, um weitere lebensbedrohliche Verletzungen nicht zu übersehen. Die Klassifikation der kindlichen Verletzungen erfolgt wie beim Erwachsenen nach Gustilo-Anderson. Dabei besteht bei Ersteren bei gleichem Schweregrad in der Regel eine bessere Prognose als bei Erwachsenen. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich die Behandlung kindlicher Frakturen von der bei Erwachsenen und sollte daher in Einrichtungen mit entsprechender Expertise erfolgen. Die Eltern bzw. Sorgeberechtigten sind von Anfang an vollumfänglich in alle Entscheidungsprozesse zu involvieren und sollten dabei die Besonderheiten des kindlichen Organismus mit dem hohen Potenzial von spontanen Achskorrekturen im Verlauf bis hin zur Möglichkeit von Wachstumsstörungen bei Verletzung der Fugen verstehen. Grundsätzlich und so früh wie möglich sollte mit einer kalkulierten Antibiose begonnen werden. Nach gründlicher Reinigung und Spülung der Wunde sollte sich eine chirurgische Therapie bezüglich der Art des Weichteilmanagements sowie der Wahl des Osteosyntheseverfahrens jeweils an den spezifischen Besonderheiten des kindlichen Organismus orientieren.

Abstract

Pediatric open fractures are rare with a proportion of less than 5 % of all fractures in children. In approximately one third of all cases the main location of these fractures is the forearm or the lower leg. In most cases the reasons for these injuries are often high impact force events, such as traffic accidents or a fall from a height. For this reason children should initially be treated according to international inclusion criteria and certain algorithms, such as advanced trauma life support in order not to overlook any life-threatening injuries. The classification of pediatric injuries is carried out as for adults according to Gustilo-Anderson; however, as a rule pediatric injuries with the same degree of severity have a better prognosis than these injuries in adults. At the same time, the treatment differs in many ways from adults, which is why it should be carried out in institutions with high expertise in pediatric injuries. Parents or custodians of the child should be involved in all decision-making processes from the very beginning. They should be aware of the characteristics of the pediatric organism with the high potential for spontaneous correction of the axis in the course of further growth up to the possibility of growth complications if the growth plate is damaged. In principle and as early as possible, calculated antibiotic treatment should be initiated. After rigorous cleansing and irrigation of the wound, a surgical intervention should follow in consideration of the characteristics of the pediatric organism in terms of the type of soft tissue management and the choice of implants for osteosynthesis.

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Correspondence to Axel Sckell.

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A. Sckell, W. Barthlen, A. Ekkernkamp und H. Voßschulte geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Sckell, A., Barthlen, W., Ekkernkamp, A. et al. Offene Frakturen im Kindesalter. Trauma Berufskrankh 18, 29–33 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10039-016-0119-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10039-016-0119-8

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