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Elektrotrauma

Besonderheiten und Behandlung

Electrical trauma

Characteristics and treatment

  • Standards in der Unfallchirurgie
  • Published:
Trauma und Berufskrankheit

Zusammenfassung

Eine Unterteilung der Elektrotraumen in Nieder- und Hochspannungsunfälle ist sinnvoll. Während bei Ersteren (<1000 V) die Herzrhythmusstörungen im Vordergrund stehen, wird das Ausmaß der Schädigung durch einen Hochspannungsunfall (>1000 V) oft unterschätzt. Bei diesem führt der Stromfluss häufig direkt durch den Körper, sodass das wahre Ausmaß der Schädigung von außen nicht sichtbar ist. So kommt zu der Brandverletzung an der Oberfläche der in der Tiefe gesetzte Schaden mit Muskelnekrosen, Verletzung von Nerven und Gefäßen, gelegentlich auch Schädigung innerer Organe hinzu. Die Lokalisation der tiefen Muskelnekrosen kann dabei erhebliche diagnostische Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Mosaikartige Muster — bestehend aus Muskelnekrosen umgeben von gesunder Muskulatur — können sich zeitlich deutlich verzögert demarkieren, sodass ein mehrzeitiges operatives Vorgehen mit radikalem Débridement erforderlich wird. In Einzelfällen ist bei ausgedehntem Gewebeschaden eine frühzeitige Indikation zur Extremitätenamputation als lebenserhaltende Maßnahme zu stellen. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Verletzung müssen Starkstromverletzte in einem Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte behandelt werden.

Abstract

Classification of electrical traumata into subgroups of accidents involving either low or high voltage is judicious. While in the first instance (<1000 V) arrhythmias are conspicuous, the extent of damage caused by a high-voltage accident (>1000 V) is often underestimated. In this case the current flow passes directly through the body so that the actual extent of the damage is not visible from the outside. Thus, the burn injury on the surface is joined by the internal damage in the form of muscle necroses, injury to nerves and tissues, and sometimes even damage to the inner organs. Identifying the site of the deep muscle necrosis can pose considerable difficulty in the diagnosis. Mosaic-like patterns — consisting of muscle necroses surrounded by healthy musculature — can become demarcated with substantial delay necessitating a multistage surgical approach with radical débridement. In individual cases when tissue damage is extensive, early indication for amputation of the extremity is a life-preserving measure. Due to the complexity of the injury, victims of high-voltage trauma must be treated in a specialized burn center.

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Möller, M., Bisgwa, F. & Partecke, B.D. Elektrotrauma. Trauma Berufskrankh 7, 310–313 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10039-005-1028-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10039-005-1028-4

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