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Temperate Primary Forest Biomass Accumulates over Centuries-Long Time Frames

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Abstract

Primary forests provide critical climate regulation functions through the capture and storage of carbon in biomass reservoirs. The capacity of primary forests to sustain biomass levels and the possible consequences of warming-induced increases in extreme disturbances are unresolved questions. We investigated the drivers of biomass accumulation in European primary mountain forests in the Carpathians. We used inventory datasets from a continental-scale survey of remnant primary forests to quantify levels of aboveground live and dead biomass across mixed beech and spruce forest types. We formulated nonlinear regression models to estimate the effects of abiotic and biotic factors, including plot-level disturbance history and tree age using dendrochronological methods. Our analyses show that biomass stocks are comparable with stocks present in other primary forests of temperate regions. Highest mean total biomass in mixed beech forests was in southern landscapes (491 ± 81 Mg ha−1) and western for spruce forests (388 ± 106 Mg ha−1). Forests maintained positive biomass accumulation rates over centuries-long time frames, mean plot-level age peaking at ~ 225 years. We demonstrate that primary forests continue to function as carbon sinks at older ages. Preserving the integrity of unmanaged forests serves as an important climate mitigation strategy.

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Data Availability

Data available via https://www.remoteforests.org/—URL includes access to site locations included in the study, with stand-level description.

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Acknowledgements

Ondřej Vostarek involved in research and data development. Andrew James Walles took part in revising the document, proof reading.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16 521, Praha 6, Czech Republic

    Dheeraj Ralhan, Jakob Pavlin, Annemiek Irene Stegehuis, William Marchand, Alexandre Fruleux, Miroslav Poláček, Marek Svitok, Martin Mikoláš, Daniel Kozák, Arne Buechling, Martin Dušátko, Pavel Janda & Miroslav Svoboda

  2. Griffith Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia

    Heather Keith

  3. Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Thomas A. Nagel

  4. Institute of Forest Management, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Lviv, Ukraine

    Oleh Chaskovsky

  5. Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava, Universităţii Street Number.13, 720229, Suceava, Romania

    Cătălin-Constantin Roibu

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  1. Dheeraj Ralhan
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Correspondence to Dheeraj Ralhan.

Additional information

Author Contributions: DR: Wrote the paper, conceived of or designed study, performed research, analysed data; contributed new methods or models. HK: Conceived of or designed study, performed research, analysed data; contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper. JP, AIS, WM, AF, MP, TAM, AB: Analysed data, contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper. MM, DK: Analysed data, contributed new methods or models, conceived of or designed study. MS: Analysed data, contributed new methods or models. MD: Conceived of or designed study, analysed data, contributed new methods or models. PJ: Conceived of or designed study, analysed data, contributed new methods or models. OC, C-CR: Conceived of or designed study. MS: Conceived of or designed study, performed research, analysed data; contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper.

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Ralhan, D., Keith, H., Pavlin, J. et al. Temperate Primary Forest Biomass Accumulates over Centuries-Long Time Frames. Ecosystems 26, 1685–1702 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00858-w

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