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Effects of Succession on Nitrogen Export in the West-Central Cascades, Oregon

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Abstract

This study examined impacts of succession on N export from 20 headwater stream systems in the west central Cascades of Oregon, a region of low anthropogenic N inputs. The seasonal and successional patterns of nitrate (NO3−N) concentrations drove differences in total dissolved N concentrations because ammonium (NH4−N) concentrations were very low (usually < 0.005 mg L−1) and mean dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were less variable than nitrate concentrations. In contrast to studies suggesting that DON levels strongly dominate in pristine watersheds, DON accounted for 24, 52, and 51% of the overall mean TDN concentration of our young (defined as predominantly in stand initiation and stem exclusion phases), middle-aged (defined as mixes of mostly understory reinitiation and older phases) and old-growth watersheds, respectively. Although other studies of cutting in unpolluted forests have suggested a harvest effect lasting 5 years or less, our young successional watersheds that were all older than 10 years still lost significantly more N, primarily as NO3−N, than did watersheds containing more mature forests, even though all forest floor and mineral soil C:N ratios were well above levels reported in the literature for leaching of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. The influence of alder may contribute to these patterns, although hardwood cover was quite low in all watersheds; it is possible that in forested ecosystems with very low anthropogenic N inputs, even very low alder cover in riparian zones can cause elevated N exports. Only the youngest watersheds, with the highest nitrate losses, exhibited seasonal patterns of increased summer uptake by vegetation as well as flushing at the onset of fall freshets. Older watersheds with lower N losses did not exhibit seasonal patterns for any N species. The results, taken together, suggest a role for both vegetation and hydrology in N retention and loss, and add to our understanding of N cycling by successional forest ecosystems influenced by disturbance at various spatial and temporal scales in a region of relatively low anthropogenic N input.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks are due Robbins Church, Jana Compton, Alan Herlihy, Robert McKane, Sandra Brown, Jim Wigington and Dave Tingey for helpful discussions during the conceptualization phase of this study. In addition to several of those mentioned, data collection assistance was ably provided by Gail Heine, Peter Beedlow, Tamotsu Shiroyama, Denise Hoffert-Hay, and John Laurence. We also thank Doug Shank and the staff of the SHRD (USDA Forest Service), Larry Blem and his staff at Cascade Timber Consulting, Inc., and Dave Pape of Willamette Industries for sharing stand history information and allowing site access. The authors thank Kathy Motter and the Willamette Research Station staff for high quality water sample analyses and Steven Jett, Patti Haggerty and Lela Rangan for invaluable assistance with GIS data. Statistical assistance was provided by Henry Lee. Steve Perakis, Peter Vitousek, and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. The information in this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review, and approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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  1. Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA

    Michael A. Cairns

  2. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA

    Kate Lajtha

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Cairns, M.A., Lajtha, K. Effects of Succession on Nitrogen Export in the West-Central Cascades, Oregon. Ecosystems 8, 583–601 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0165-5

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