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Quinoxaline derivatives as cathode for aqueous zinc battery

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Abstract

Functional groups adjacent to the redox active center would have an uncompromising effect on the diffusion kinetics of the charge carriers. They expedite the diffusion process by extensive H-bonding, charge delocalization, and functional group polarization by tautomerism or resonance which would have long held influence on the electrochemical performance of the material. Herein, we introduced a ketonic functional group adjacent to the quinoxaline redox center which accelerates the diffusion of the charge carriers. Quinoxaline nuclei with free rotating phenyl rings (DAB) exhibited a specific capacitance of 156.4 mAhg−1 at 50 mAg−1 which was found drastically decreased due to the excessive dissolution of the material as well as the uncontrolled ring flipping of the phenyl rings. By introducing a ketone functional group and stagnant phenyl rings with a fused ring system the specific capacitance was found to be improved to a considerable extent. The quinoxaline redox center with a fused ring system and symmetrically placed ketone functional groups (TKQ) exhibited a specific capacitance of 286.7 mAhg−1 at 50 mAg−1 and remained 224.8 mAhg−1 after prolonged 1000 cycles, with 95% coulombic efficiency and 79.4% retention in the discharge capacity. The study suggests that smart molecular engineering is necessary for excellent rate performance, rate reversibility, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention.

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Acknowledgements

The director, CSIR-CSMCRI, is acknowledged for his gracious support and inspiration. The divisional chair of MSST department and the Analytical & Instrumentation Facility of CSMCRI-CSIR Bhavnagar are also greatly acknowledged.

Funding

RKN thanks for the financial support grant no. DST/TMD/MES/2K18/194(G) from Technology Mission Division, Energy and Water, and CSIR project number MLP-0320. CSMCRI-CSIR manuscript number 116/2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electro Membrane Processes Lab, Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India

    Noufal Merukan Chola & Rajaram K. Nagarale

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Noufal Merukan Chola & Rajaram K. Nagarale

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  1. Noufal Merukan Chola
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Correspondence to Rajaram K. Nagarale.

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10008_2023_5689_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file1 The supporting information contains physical and spectral studies of the compounds (NMR, Mass spectra, cyclic voltammograms), figures, and the reference comparison table. (DOCX 15678 KB)

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Chola, N.M., Nagarale, R.K. Quinoxaline derivatives as cathode for aqueous zinc battery. J Solid State Electrochem 28, 419–431 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05689-2

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