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Unveiling the electrochemistry effect on microsphere and nanorod morphology of NaSn2(PO4)3 anode for lithium/sodium batteries

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Abstract

NASICON type NaSn2(PO4)3 (NSP) microspheres and nanorods were developed using a modified Pechini method and tested as anode materials for Lithium/Sodium storage applications. According to cyclic voltammetry investigation, NSP is associated with the conversion process between Sn and Sn (PO4)3 and the alloy reaction between Sn and NaxSn as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, similar to lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemistry results revealed that NSPnr (nanorod) performs better in terms of capacity, cyclic stability, and rate capability than microspheres for sodium-ion batteries (for example, the specific capacity of NSPnr: 358 mAh g−1 and NSPms: 301 mAh g−1 at 200 mAg−1 over 200 cycles). The higher capacity of the NSPnr was derived from the large interlayer distance of nanorods, and the crystalline nature of the material resulted in increased kinetics of Na-ions and improved electrochemistry performances. However, in lithium-ion batteries, the NSP microsphere exhibits superior specific capacity and excellent cycling stability than NSP nanorods. This could be attributed to their spherical morphology, smaller crystallite size, and higher oxygen vacancy when processed by air. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NSPms electrode could be attributed to the well-dispersed spherical-shaped particle morphology, which allows fast Li+-ion migration during the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation process, particularly at high current density. The maximum capacity of 361 mAh g−1 and 227 mAh g−1 was observed when tested at high current densities of 2 A g−1 and 3 A g−1.

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors (NP) is very grateful to the College of Science and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa (UNISA), Roodepoort, South Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa

    Nithyadharseni Palaniyandy & Bhekie B. Mamba

  2. Nouveau Monde Graphite, 481 Rue Brassard, Saint-Michel-Des-Saints, QC, J0K 3B0, Canada

    M. V. Reddy

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  1. Nithyadharseni Palaniyandy
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Palaniyandy, N., Reddy, M.V. & Mamba, B.B. Unveiling the electrochemistry effect on microsphere and nanorod morphology of NaSn2(PO4)3 anode for lithium/sodium batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 27, 427–438 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05324-6

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